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Hypertensive Retinopathies

  • Chapter
Retinal Vascular Disease

Abstract

The classification of fundus changes secondary to arterial hypertension has been used for monitoring the severity of vascular alterations. In the past, this was the only possibility to assess the status of the microcirculation. Therefore, very detailed classifications have been developed. These classifications are described below. The detailed classification of hypertensive vascular fundus changes may be still important for scientific reasons. However, for the clinical management of systemic hypertension today these detailed classifications are no longer necessary. Nevertheless, the separation between minor vascular changes in systemic hypertension (stage I and II) and hypertensive retinopathy (stage III and IV) is still very important for the management of arterial hypertension. Patients with hypertensive retinopathy have to be treated and monitored intensively by internal medicine since these patients are at high risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland

    Sebastian Wolf MD, PhD

  2. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA

    Todd Klesert MD, PhD

  3. The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA

    Andrew P. Schachat MD

Authors
  1. Sebastian Wolf MD, PhD
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  2. Todd Klesert MD, PhD
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  3. Andrew P. Schachat MD
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Antonia M. Joussen MD, PhD (Professor of Ophthalmology) (Professor of Ophthalmology)

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University, Drive Box 850, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA

    Thomas W. Gardner MD, MS (Professor of Ophthalmology) (Professor of Ophthalmology)

  3. Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9, 50931, Cologne, Germany

    Bernd Kirchhof MD (Professor of Ophthalmology) (Professor of Ophthalmology)

  4. Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Stephen J. Ryan MD (Professor of Ophthalmology) (Professor of Ophthalmology)

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© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Wolf, S., Klesert, T., Schachat, A.P. (2007). Hypertensive Retinopathies. In: Joussen, A.M., Gardner, T.W., Kirchhof, B., Ryan, S.J. (eds) Retinal Vascular Disease. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29542-6_26

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29542-6_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-29541-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29542-6

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