Abstract
Two inherited defects in biotin metabolism are known: holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency and biotinidase deficiency. Both lead to deficiency of all biotindependent carboxylases, i.e. to multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD). In HCS deficiency, the binding of biotin to apocarboxylases is impaired. In biotinidase deficiency, biotin depletion ensues from the inability to recycle endogenous biotin and to utilize protein-bound biotin from the diet. As the carboxylases play an essential role in the catabolism of several amino acids, in gluconeogenesis and in fatty-acid synthesis, their deficiency provokes multiple, life-threatening metabolic derangements, eliciting characteristic organic aciduria and neurological symptoms. The clinical presentation is extremely variable in both disorders. Characteristic symptoms include metabolic acidosis, hypotonia, seizures, ataxia, impaired consciousness and cutaneous symptoms, such as skin rash and alopecia. All patients with biotinidase and a majority of patients with HCS deficiency respond dramatically to oral therapy with pharmacological doses of biotin. Delayed diagnosis and treatment in biotinidase deficiency may result in irreversible neurological damage. A few patients with HCS deficiency show a partial or even no response to biotin and seem to have an impaired long-term outcome. Acquired biotin deficiency, which also causes MCD, is extremely rare. A defect in biotin transport has been reported in a single child; however the genetic defect remains unresolved to date. Biotin-Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease (BRBGD) is a recently described subacute encephalopathy which disappears within a few days without neurological sequelae if biotin is administered early.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baumgartner ER, Suormala T (1997) Multiple carboxylase deficiency: inherited and acquired disorders of biotin metabolism. Int J Vit Nutr Res 67:377–384
Sakamoto O, Suzuki Y, Li X et al (2000) Diagnosis and molecular analysis of an atypical case of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 159:18–22
Suormala T, Fowler B, Duran M et al (1997) Five patients with a biotin-responsive defect in holocarboxylase formation: evaluation of responsiveness to biotin therapy in vivo and comparative studies in vitro. Pediatr Res 41:666–673
Sherwood WG, Saunders M, Robinson BH et al (1982) Lactic acidosis in biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency caused by holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency of early and late onset. J Pediatr 101:546–550
Suormala T, Fowler B, Jakobs C et al (1998) Late-onset holocarboxylase synthetase-deficiency: pre-and post-natal diagnosis and evaluation of effectiveness of antenatal biotin therapy. Eur J Pediatr 157:570–575
Seymons K, De Moor A, De Raeve H, Lambert J (2004) Dermatologic signs of biotin deficiency leading to the diagnosis of multiple carboxylase deficiency. Pediatr Dermatol 21:231–235
Baumgartner ER, Suormala TM, Wick H, Bausch J, Bonjour JP (1985) Biotinidase deficiency associated with renal loss of biocytin and biotin. Ann NY Acad Sci 447:272–286
Baumgartner ER, Suormala TM, Wick H et al (1989) Biotinidase deficiency: a cause of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh syndrome). Report of a case with lethal outcome. Pediatr Res 26:260–266
Wastell HJ, Bartlett K, Dale G, Shein A (1988) Biotinidase deficiency: a survey of 10 cases. Arch Dis Child 63:1244–1249
Wolf B, Heard GS, Weissbecker KA et al (1985) Biotinidase deficiency: initial clinical features and rapid diagnosis. Ann Neurol 18:614–617
Wolf B, Pompionio RJ, Norrgard KJ et al (1998) Delayed onset profound biotinidase deficiency. J Pediatr 132:362–365
Wolf B, Norrgard KJ, Pomponio RJ et al (1997) Profound biotinidase deficiency in two asymptomatic adults. Am J Med Genet 73:5–9
Moeslinger D, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, Scheibenreiter S et al (2001) Clinical and neuropsychological outcome in 33 patients with biotinidase deficiency ascertained by nationwide newborn screening and family studies in Austria. Eur J Pediatr 160:277–282
Suormala TM, Baumgartner ER, Wick H et al (1990) Comparison of patients with complete and partial biotinidase deficiency: biochemical studies. J Inherit Metab Dis 13:76–92
Grunewald S, Champion MP, Leonard JV, Schaper J, Morris AA (2004) Biotinidase deficiency: a treatable leukoencephalopathy. Neuropediatrics 35:211–216
Ramaekers VTH, Suormala TM, Brab M et al (1992) A biotinidase Km variant causing late onset bilateral optic neuropathy. Arch Dis Child 67:115–119
Weber P, Scholl S, Baumgartner ER (2004) Outcome in patients with profound biotinidase deficiency: relevance of newborn screening. Dev Med Child Neurol 46:481–484
Wolf B, Spencer R, Gleason T (2002) Hearing loss is a common feature of symptomatic children with profound biotinidase deficiency. J Pediatr 140:242–246
Duran M, Baumgartner ER, Suormala TM et al (1993) Cerebrospinal fluid organic acids in biotinidase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 16:513–516
Ozand PT, Gascon GG, Al Essa M et al (1998) Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease: a novel entity. Brain 121:1267–1279
Aoki Y, Suzuki Y, Li X et al (1997) Characterization of mutant holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS): a Km for biotin was not elevated in a patient with HCS deficiency. Pediatr Res 42:849–854
Burri BJ, Sweetman L, Nyhan WL (1985) Heterogeneity in holocarboxylase synthetase in patients with biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 37: 326–337
Sakamoto O, Suzuki Y, Li X et al (1999) Relationship between kinetic properties of mutant enzyme and biochemical and clinical responsiveness to biotin in holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Pediatr Res 46:671–676
Suormala TM, Baumgartner ER, Bausch J et al (1988) Quantitative determination of biocytin in urine of patients with biotinidase deficiency using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Clin Chim Acta 177:253–270
Blom W, de Muinck Keizer SM, Scholte HR (1981) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency: An inborn error of de novo fatty acid synthesis. N Engl J Med 305:465–466
Baumgartner MR, Dantas MF, Suormala T et al (2004) Isolated 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency: Evidence for an allele-specific dominant negative effect and responsivness to biotin therapy. Am J Hum Genet 75:790–800
Zeng WQ, Al-Yamani E, Acierno JS Jr et al (2005) Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease maps to 2q36.3 and is due to mutations in SLC19A3. Am J Hum Genet 77:16–26
Mardach R, Zempleni J, Wolf B et al (2002) Biotin dependency due to a defect in biotin transport. J Clin Invest 109:1617–1623
Wolf B (1991) Worldwide survey of neonatal screening for biotinidase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 14:923–92725
Leon-Del-Rio A, Leclerc D, Akerman B, Wakamatsu N, Gravel RA (1995) Isolation of cDNA encoding human holocarboxylase synthetase by functional complementation of a biotin auxotroph of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4626–4630
Suzuki Y, Aoki Y, Ishida Y et al (1994) Isolation and characterization of mutations in the human holocarboxylase synthetase cDNA. Nat Genet 8:122–128
Cole H, Reynolds TR, Lockyer JM et al (1994) Human serum biotinidase. cDNA cloning, sequence, and characterization. J Biol Chem 269:6566–6570
Cole H, Weremovicz S, Morton CC, Wolf B (1994) Localization of serum biotinidase (BTD) to human chromosome 3 in Band p25. Genomics 22:662–663
Morrone A, Malvaglia S, Donati MA et al (2002) Clinical findings and biochemical and molecular analysis of four patients with holo carboxylase synthetase deficiency. Am J Med Genet 111:10–18
Tang NLS, Hui J, Yong CKK et al (2003) A genomic approach to mutation analysis of holocarboxylase synthetase gene in three Chinese patients with late-onset holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Clin Biochem 36:145–149
Yang X, Aoki Y, Li X et al (2001) Structure of human holocarboxylase synthetase gene and mutation spectrum of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Hum Genet 109:526–534
The human gene mutation database. http://archive.uwcm.ac.uk/uwcm/mg/hgmd0.html
Dupuis L, Campeau E, Leclerc D, Gravel RA (1999) Mecanisms of biotin responsiveness in biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 66:80–90
Soloranza-Vargas RS, Pacheco-Alvarez D, Leon-del-Rio A (2002) Holocarboxylase synthetase is an obligate participant in biotin-mediated regulation of its own expression and of biotin-dependent carboxylases mRNA levels in human cells. PNAS 99:5325–5330
Hymes J, Stanley CM, Wolf B (2001) Mutations in BTD causing biotinidase deficiency. Hum Mutat 18:375–381
Wolf B (2003) Biotinidase deficiency: new directions and practical concerns. Curr Treat Options Neurol 5:321–328
Pomponio RJ, Hymes J, Reynolds TR et al (1997) Mutation in the human biotinidase gene that causes profound biotinidase deficiency in symptomatic children: molecular, biochemical, and clinical analysis. Pediatr Res 42:840–848
Hymes J, Fleischhauer K, Wolf B (1995) Biotinylation of histones by human serum biotinidase: assessment of biotinyl-transferase activity in sera from normal individuals and children with biotinidase deficiency. Biochem Mol Med 56:76–83
Norrgard KJ, Pomponio RJ, Hymes J, Wolf B (1999) Mutations causing profound biotinidase deficiency in children ascertained by newborn screening in the United States occur at different frequencies than in symptomatic children. Pediatr Res 46:20–27
Suzuki Y, Aoki Y, Sakamoto O et al (1996) Enzymatic diagnosis of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency using apo-carboxyl carrier protein as a substrate. Clin Chim Acta 251:41–52
Baur B, Suormala T, Bernoulli C, Baumgartner ER (1998) Biotin determination by three different methods: specificity and application to urine and plasma ultrafiltrates of patients with and without disorders in biotin metabolism. Int J Vit Nutr Res 68:300–308
Aoki Y, Suzuki Y, Sakamoto O et al (1995) Molecular analysis of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency: a missense mutation and a single base deletion are predominant in Japanese patients. Biochim Biophys Acta 1272:168–174
Santer R, Muhle H, Suormala T et al (2003) Partial response to biotin therapy in a patient with holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency: clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic aspects. Mol Genet Metab 79:160–166
Wolf B, Hsia YE, Sweetman L et al (1981) Multiple carboxylase deficiency: clinical and biochemical improvement following neonatal biotin treatment. Pediatrics 68:113–118
Michalski AJ, Berry GT, Segal S (1989) Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency: 9-year follow-up of a patient on chronic biotin therapy and a review of the literature. J Inherit Metab Dis 12:312–316
Suormala T, Ramaekers VTH, Schweitzer S et al (1995) Biotinidase Km-variants: detection and detailed biochemical investigations. J Inherit Metab Dis 18:689–700
Secor McVoy JR, Levy HL, Lawler M et al (1990) Partial biotinidase deficiency: clinical and biochemical features. J Pediatr 116:78–83
Bernoulli C, Suormala T, Baur B, Baumgartner ER (1998) A sensitive method for the determination of biotin in plasma and CSF, and application to partial biotinidase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 21[Suppl 2]46:92
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baumgartner, M.R., Suormala, T. (2006). Biotin-Responsive Disorders. In: Fernandes, J., Saudubray, JM., van den Berghe, G., Walter, J.H. (eds) Inborn Metabolic Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28785-8_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28785-8_27
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28783-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-28785-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)