The machines mainly used for compounding plastics, chemicals and food are co-rotating, closely intermeshing twin-screw extruders. Some 30 000 such extruders are in use worldwide, about 1/3 are ZSKs from Coperion Werner & Pfleiderer, Stuttgart. In the chemical industry more and more batch mixers are being replaced by continuous twin-screw kneaders.
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Wiedmann, W., Hölzel, M. (2009). Twin-Screw Extruders in Ceramic Extrusion. In: Händle, F. (eds) Extrusion in Ceramics. Engineering Materials and Processes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27102-4_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27102-4_13
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