Skip to main content

Generating Readable Proofs: A Heuristic Approach to Theorem Proving With Spider Diagrams

  • Conference paper

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 2980))

Abstract

An important aim of diagrammatic reasoning is to make it easier for people to create and understand logical arguments. We have worked on spider diagrams, which visually express logical statements. Ideally, automatically generated proofs should be short and easy to understand. An existing proof generator for spider diagrams successfully writes proofs, but they can be long and unwieldy. In this paper, we present a new approach to proof writing in diagrammatic systems, which is guaranteed to find shortest proofs and can be extended to incorporate other readability criteria. We apply the A * algorithm and develop an admissible heuristic function to guide automatic proof construction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the heuristic used. The work has been implemented as part of a spider diagram reasoning tool.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Dahn, B.I., Wolf, A.: Natural language presentation and combination of automatically generated proofs. In: Proc. Frontiers of Combining Systems, Muenchen, Germany, pp. 175–192 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dechter, R., Pearl, J.: Generalized best-first search strategies and the optimality of A ∗ . Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 32(3), 505–536 (1985)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. Fish, A., Flower, J., Howse, J.: A Reading algorithm for constraint diagrams. In: Proc. IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Formal Methods, New Zealand (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Flower, J., Stapleton, G.: Automated Theorem Proving with Spider Diagrams. In: Proc. Computing: The Australasian Theory Symposium, Elsevier science, Amsterdam (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Goller, C.: Learning search-control heuristics for automated deduction systems with folding architecture networks. In: Proc. European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks. D-Facto publications (April 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hart, P.E., Nilsson, N.J., Raphael, B.: A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths. IEEE Transactions on System Science and Cybernetics 4(2), 100–107 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Flower, J., Howse, J.: Generating Euler Diagrams. In: Hegarty, M., Meyer, B., Narayanan, N.H. (eds.) Diagrams 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2317, pp. 61–75. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Howse, J., Molina, F., Taylor, J.: SD2: A sound and complete diagrammatic reasoning system. In: Proc. IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL 2000), pp. 402–408. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Jamnik, M.: Mathematical Reasoning with Diagrams. CSLI Publications, Stanford (2001)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Luger, G.F. (ed.): Artificial intelligence: Structures and strategies for complex problem solving, 4th edn. Addison Wesley, Reading (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  11. MacKenzie, D.: Computers and the sociology of mathematical proof. In: Proc. 3rd Northern Formal Methods Workshop (1998), http://www1.bcs.org.uk/DocsRepository/02700/2713/mackenzi.pdf

  12. Oppacher, S., Suen, S.: HARP: A tableau-based theorem prover. Journal of Automated Reasoning 4, 69–100 (1988)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Piroi, F., Buchberger, B.: Focus windows: A new technique for proof presentation. In: Calmet, J., Benhamou, B., Caprotti, O., Henocque, L., Sorge, V. (eds.) Proceedings of Joint AICS 2002 - Calculemus 2002 Conference, Artificial Intelligence, Automated Reasoning and Symbolic Computation, Marseille, France, July 2002, Springer, Heidelberg (2002), http://www.risc.unilinz.ac.at/people/buchberg/papers/2002-02-25-A.pdf (accessed August 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Shin, S.-J.: The Logical Status of Diagrams. Camb. Uni. Press, Cambridge (1994)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Schumann, J., Robinson, P.: [] or SUCCESS is not enough: Current technology and future directions in proof presentation. In: Proc. IJCAR workshop: Future directions in automated reasoning (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Stapleton, G., Howse, J., Taylor, J.: A constraint diagram reasoning system. In: Proc. International conference on Visual Languages and Computing, Knowledge systems institute, pp. 263–270 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Stapleton, G., Howse, J., Taylor, J., Thompson, S.: What can spider diagrams say? In: Blackwell, A.F., Marriott, K., Shimojima, A. (eds.) Diagrams 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2980, Springer, Heidelberg (2004)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Swoboda, N.: Implementing Euler/Venn reasoning systems. In: Anderson, M., Meyer, B., Oliver, P. (eds.) Diagrammatic Representation and Reasoning, pp. 371–386. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Swoboda, N., Allwein, G.: Using DAG Transformations to Verify Euler/Venn Homogeneous and Euler/Venn FOL Heterogeneous Rules of Inference. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 72(3) (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  20. The Visual Modelling Group website, http://www.cmis.brighton.ac.uk/research/vmg

  21. The Visual Modelling Group technical report on spider diagram reasoning systems at http://www.cmis.brighton.ac.uk/research/vmg/SDRules.html

  22. Windsteiger, W.: An automated prover for Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory in Theorema. LMCS (2002)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Flower, J., Masthoff, J., Stapleton, G. (2004). Generating Readable Proofs: A Heuristic Approach to Theorem Proving With Spider Diagrams. In: Blackwell, A.F., Marriott, K., Shimojima, A. (eds) Diagrammatic Representation and Inference. Diagrams 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 2980. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25931-2_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25931-2_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-21268-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-25931-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics