Zusammenfassung
In the past twenty to thirty years, the notion of ‘knowledge’, captured in concepts such as ‘knowledge society’ and ‘knowledge for development’, has increasingly shaped development discourses worldwide – as perceived crucial driver for the economic development of nation-states and as key element for successful measures of international development cooperation and poverty alleviation.
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Notes
- 1.
For a review of the conceptual development of the notions of ‘knowledge society’ as well as their uptake by the USA, the European Union, Japan and Singapore, see Hornidge (2011b).
- 2.
An assessment of the adoption of the vision of developing into a ‘knowledge society’ as new focal point of reality in Singapore can be found in Hornidge (2010).
- 3.
- 4.
This strong focus on ICT and technological infrastructure development can be regarded as still strongly colored by the epistemic culture of an industrial society as pointed out by Evers (2003) and others.
- 5.
This research formed the core of my PhD-thesis under the supervision of Hubert Knoblauch, Technical University of Berlin and Tong Chee Kiong, National University of Singapore in the period from 2003 to 2006 (see Hornidge 2007a).
- 6.
Here I contributed, in the position of a regular staff member, to the project “Governance and Sustainability in the Straits of Malacca”, headed by Solvay Gerke and Hans-Dieter Evers at the Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn in the period from 2006 to 2007 (see Gerke/Evers/Hornidge 2008).
- 7.
This joint study by ZEF and Care International on the interlinking effects of poverty reduction and climate change was conducted together with Fabian Scholtes, with my contribution concentrating on the empirical field research and analysis on the activation, further development and adaptation of different stocks of knowledge for coping with and adapting to ongoing processes of change in Eastern Indonesia (see Scholtes/Hornidge 2009, 2010).
- 8.
As part of the social science part in the interdisciplinary project “Economic and Ecological Restructuring of Land- and Water Use in the Region Khorezm (Uzbekistan): A Pilot Project in Development Research” funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany, and implemented by ZEF (under the leadership of Paul Vlek), the project team fostered four transdisciplinary processes of agriculture-focused innovation development together with local stakeholders. As coordinator of the social science parts in the project, I was [here] especially involved in the documentation and analysis of the four innovation processes fostered, linked to ongoing science and innovation policy debates as well as further developments of transdisciplinary approaches in development oriented knowledge and innovation development (see Hornidge et al. 2011a Hornidge et al. 2011b).
- 9.
The project “Epistemic Cultures and Innovation Diffusion in post-soviet Southern Caucasus and Central Asia – Pilot Study: Agricultural Knowledge Systems in Georgia and Tajikistan” has been approved by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany from November 2011 to October 2013. It will be implemented by ZEF under the joint leadership of Conrad Schetter and myself.
- 10.
For comprehensive outlines of the founding fathers’ scholastic work of the sociology of knowledge (including among others Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1771–1831), Karl Marx (1818–1883), Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Emile Durkheim (1858–1917), Georg Simmel (1858–1918), Max Weber (1864–1920), Max Scheler (1874–1928), Karl Mannheim (1893–1947) and Alfred Schütz (1899–1959), see Knoblauch (2005) and Keller (2011a).
- 11.
In the German version of the book ‘A Theory of the Sociology of Knowledge’ was added as second half of the title (1984).
- 12.
Keller (2005: 6) underlines the need of research to (a) analyse historical events in the sense of “emerging problematisations of established regimes of practices”, (b) consider these events “as unintended (power) effects of heterogeneous practices performed by social actors trying to solve concrete problems of everyday routine”; (c) assess the “heterogeneous and not necessarily connected fields of practices behind such surface effects in order to explain historical shifts of transformations of knowledge/power regimes”; and (d) elaborate theoretical concepts based on empirical data.
- 13.
For an assessment of the differing knowledge conceptualizations in Singapore’s and Germany’s government practices towards the construction of knowledge societies, see Hornidge (2007b).
- 14.
For an assessment of Uzbek peasant farmers‘ perceptions of water and water saving practices based on Schütz’s lifeworld concept for example, see Oberkircher and Hornidge (2011).
- 15.
The German title of Berger and Luckmann’s book on the social construction of reality differs from the English as a ‘the’ is added in front of reality (literally translating to ‘The social construction of the reality’), suggesting the construction of the (one) objective rather than several objective realities (see also Keller et al. 2005).
- 16.
Depending on the approval of an only recently submitted project proposal this imbalance of data on one discourse with regard to Southeast Asia, and the other on Central Asia only (rather than data on both discourses with regard to both sets of countries) could be reduced in the future, but currently remains to be unknown.
- 17.
The reader is kindly asked to bear in mind that these are examples only, based on ongoing, still incomplete research. For reasons of space limitations and the preliminary degree of the research, no examples of dispositifs with regard to both discourses as well as of institutional, organizational, social consequences or (un-) intended power effects with regard to ‘knowledge’ as captured under ‘knowledge for development’ are given.
- 18.
- 19.
Here, theorists such as Umesao (1963), Nora/Minc (1979) and Castells (1989, 1996, 1997, 1998) can be named as contributors to the concept of a technology determined society, often called ‘information society’. Lane (1966), Bell (1973, 1987), Touraine (1969), Kreibich (1986), Böhme/Stehr (1986), Willke (1998) and Gibbons et al. (1994) worked on a concept of a knowledge-driven society, generally labeled ‘knowledge society’, while Machlup (1962), Porat (1976) and Drucker (1969, 1993a, 1993b) can be listed together with international organizations such as OECD (1996a, b) and APEC (1998, 2000) contributing to the establishing of the concept of a ‘knowledge-based economy’.
- 20.
Contributors to this secondary phase of construction include Kumar (1978); Gershuny (1978); Collins (1981); Lyon (1988, 1996); Dordick/Wang (1993); Stehr (1994, 1999, 2001a, 2001b); Webster (1995); Willke (1998, 1999); Maasen (1999); Dunning (2000); Evers (2000, 2002a, 2002b, 2003, 2005); Evers (2000); Hofmann (2001); Steinbicker (2001); David/Foray (2002); Lloyd/Payne (2002); Evers/Menkhoff (2004); Mattelart (2003); Evers/Gerke (2005); Knoblauch (2004, 2005); Kübler (2005); Tänzler/Knoblauch/Soeffner (2006) and Evers/Hornidge (2007).
- 21.
- 22.
Contributors include Richards (1985), El-Berr (2009), Antweiler (1998, 2004), Geertz (1983), Silitoe (1998a, 1998b, 2009), Polanyi (1966), Marchand (2003), Nonaka/Takeuchi (1995), Hitzler et al. (1994), Stehr (1998), Evers (2000), Knorr-Cetina (1999), Lachenmann (1991, 1994) and Böschen/Wehling (2004).
- 23.
Additionally, activities in the field of tertiary education are increasingly legitimized with reference to the global ‘knowledge society’-discourse (WB 2002, Collins/Rhoads 2010).
- 24.
For an overview over the actions taken by the USA, Japan and the EU on the path towards ‘knowledge society’, see Hornidge (2011b). For an assessment of the path towards ‘knowledge society’ with regard to Singapore, see Hornidge (2011a, 2010, 2008), with regard to Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore with a stronger historical perspective, see Evers/Hornidge (2008), and with regard to Germany and Singapore, see Hornidge (2007a).
- 25.
While in the 1970s, many industrial countries promoted microelectronics as well as the ‘new media’ cable TV and view data, the promoted technology in the 1980s was ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). In the 1990s, multimedia and ‘the information superhighway’ emerged as new catchwords, which are currently replaced by WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and digital signaling (in opposition to analogue handheld two-way radio) (Kubicek et al. 1997: 9).
- 26.
The authors here refer to a system as comprising of the interweaving relationships of socio-economic, political, bio-physical, and technological aspects. The authors do not refer to Luhmann’s system theory.
- 27.
As mentioned above, this imbalance of data on one discourse from one region and on the other discourse from another possibly can be reduced later, but depends on project approval processes and is therefore currently unknown.
- 28.
- 29.
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Hornidge, AK. (2013). ‘Knowledge’, ‘Knowledge Society’ & ‘Knowledge for Development’. Studying Discourses of Knowledge in an International Context. In: Keller, R., Truschkat, I. (eds) Methodologie und Praxis der Wissenssoziologischen Diskursanalyse. Theorie und Praxis der Diskursforschung. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93340-5_15
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