Abstract
Whether quantitative or qualitative, the design of an empirical study has to be specifically constructed according to the specifics of its object of investigation and the research context it is embedded in. In this chapter the proceedings of the research process will be substantiated and explained. It is essential to reveal the research process — its chronology, choice of methods and so on — for others and make it plausible and comprehensible in an inter-subjective context.744 In the first chapter this study shall be classified with respect to the paradigmatic research debate between the two main threads of empirical social research and relevant approaches of social research will be presented (5.1). Subsequently the choice for empirical research strategy, inquiry form, and inquiry instruments — document analysis, questionnaires and qualitative, semi-structured interviews — will be substantiated and justified and the proceedings will be depicted (5.2). The description of the field research will be done according to the conducted steps of the research process. Firstly the construction of the interview guides and questionnaires will be presented. In a second step the selection of the cases will be justified. Subsequent to that, account will be given about the actual survey. Then the method of analysis will be presented and at last conclusions will be drawn.
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References
Compare Forschauer, U., Lueger, M., 1998, Das qualitative Interview zur Analyse sozialer Systeme and Arbeitskreis Qualitative Sozialforschung, 1994, Verführung zum qualitativen Forschen.
Compare Liebscher, P., 1998, Quantity with Quality? Teaching Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in LIS Master’s Program, pp 668–680 and
Compare Table 5: Predispositions of Quantitative and Qualitative Modes of Inquiry following Glesne and Peshkin (1992).
See Glesne, C., Peshkin, A., 1992, Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction.
Compare also Social Fact Paradigm. See Ritzer, G., 1975, Sociology, A Multiple Paradigm Science, pp 156–167.
See Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., 1985, Naturalistic Inquiry.
In accordance to Ritzer, G., 1975, Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science, p. 165.
See Ebers, M., 1985, Organisationskultur: Ein neues Forschungsprogramm, p. 35 and Hofbauer, W., 1991, Organisationskultur und Unternehmensstrategie, Eine system-theoretisch-kybernetische Analyse, p. 47.
Compare Cox, T. Jr., Blake, S., 1991, Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness, pp 45–56.
See Thomas, D. A., Ely, J. E., 1996, Making Differences Matter: A New Paradigm for Managing Diversity, pp 79–90.
Compare Dass, P., Parker, B., 1999, Strategies for Human Resource Diversity: From Resistance to Learning, pp 68–80.
Compare Milliken, F. J., Martins, L. L., 1996, Searching for Common Threads, Understanding the Multiple Effects of Diversity in Organizational Groups, pp 402–433.
Compare also Sepehri, P., 2002, Diversity und Managing Diversity in internationalen Organisationen, p. 28.
The researcher shall not enter the inquiry with preconceived views — which in reality is illusionary. That should actually be the researcher’s goal. Compare Flick, U., 1995, Qualitative Forschung. Theorie, Methoden, Anwendung in der Psychologie und Sozialforschung, p. 60.
Own compilation following Glesne, C., Peshkin, A., 1992, Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction.
See Kasper, H., 1987, Organisationskultur: Über den Stand der Forschung, p. 24 and Osterloh, M., 1988, Methodische Probleme der empirischen Erforschung von Organisationskulturen, p. 142.
Compare, Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., 1985, Naturalistic Inquiry.
See Schwandt, T., 1989, Solutions to the Paradigm Conflict; Coping with Uncertainty, pp 379–407.
Compare Schwarz, G., Unternehmenskultur als Element des Strategischen Management.
For further information see Patton, M. Q., 1990, Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods.
See Scholz, C., Organisationskultur: Die 4 Erfolgsprinzipien.
Glesne, C., Peshkin, A., 1992, Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction, p. 9.
Compare Thomas, D.A.; Ely, R., 1996, Making Differences Matter: A New Paradigm for Managing Diversity, pp 79–90.
See Dass, P., Parker, B., 1999, Strategies for managing human resource diversity: From resistance to learning, pp 68–79.
Compare The Karl Popper Web, URL: http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~tkpw/, and O’Hear, A., 1989, Introduction to the Philosophy of Science.
See Müller-Böling, D., 1990, Methodik der empirischen Organisationsforschung, p. 1494.
Barton and Lazarsfeld are of the opinion that every theory, regardless of the importance one attributes to this term, is revisable through qualitative social research, cited from Lamnek, S., 1995, Qualitative Sozialforschung, p. 108.
The abductive logic of research was formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce. Compare Peirce, C. S., 1955, Abduction and induction, pp 150–156, and Peirce, C. S., 1960, Collected papers (8 vols.).
Compare Kelle, U., 1994, Empirisch begründete Theoriebildung, p. 152.
Following Truzzi, M., 1985, Sherlock Holmes, p. 105.
James, P. D. (1989). An unsuitable job for a woman, pp 34, 53.
See Truzzi, M., 1985, Sherlock Holmes, p. 105.
Compare Fox, R., 1998, Layered abduction and abductive inference, p. 1.
See Müller-Böling, D., 1990, Organisationsforschung, Methodik der empirischen, pp 1494–1506.
Compare Müller-Böling, D., 1990, Organisationsforschung, Methodik der empirischen, p. 1496.
Müller-Böling, D., 1990, Organisationsforschung, Methodik der empirischen, p. 1496.
See Evered, R., Louis, M. R., 1981, Alternative Perspectives in the Organizational Science, Inquiry from the Inside and Inquiry from the Outside’, pp 385–395.
Compare Louis, M. R., 1985, An Investigator’s Guide to Workplace Culture, pp 73–93.
For further information see Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., 1994, Qualitative data analysis. An expanded sourcebook, and Lamnek, S., 1995, Qualitative Sozialforschung, Band 2: Methoden und Techniken.
This classic structure is recommended by many authors such as Flick, U., 1995, Qualitative Forschung. Theorie, Methoden, Anwendung in der Psychologie und Sozialforschung, and Forschauer, U., Lueger, M., 1998, Das qualitative Interview zur Analyse sozialer Systeme. Compare also Schlüter, A., 2001, Institutioneller Wandel und Transformation. Restitution, Transformation und Privatisierung in der tschechischen Landwirtschaft, p. 124.
Compare Strauss, A., Corbin, J., 1996, Grundlagen Oualitativer Sozialforschung, pp 37.
See Hucke, J., Wollmann, H., 1980, Methodenprobleme der Implementationsforschung, p. 226.
Compare Mehl, P., 1997, Reformansätze und Reformwiderstände in Agrarsozialpolitik, p. 59.
See Hucke, J., Wollmann, H., 1980, Methodenprobleme der Implementationsforschung, p. 226.
In this context compare Sepehri, P., 2002, Diversity und Managing Diversity in internationalen Organisationen. Wahrnehmungen zum Verständnis und ökonomischer Relevanz, pp 46.
Compare Scholz, C., Hofbauer, W., 1990, Organisationskultur: Die 4 Erfolgsprinzipien, pp 35.
See Trochim, W. M. K., 2004, Measurement Validity Types, from: The Web Center for Social Research Methods, URL: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/measval.htm, as of November 1st, 2004.
See Sepehri, P., 2002, Diversity und Managing Diversity in internationalen Organisationen, p. 50.
Compare for this Withen, P., 2004, An Overview of Research Design: 8. Operationalization, URL: http://people.uvawise.edu/pww8y/Resources/Methods/ResDesign/Operationalization.html#Top, as of November 8th, 2004.
Reliability has to do with the quality of measurement. In its everyday sense, reliability is the “consistency” or “repeatability” of measures. A measure is considered reliable if it would give us the same result over and over again (assuming that what we are measuring isn’t changing!). For further information see Trochim, W. M. K., 2004, Theory of Reliability, from: The Web Center for Social Research Methods, URL: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/reliablt.htm, as of November 8th, 2004.
Own compilation following Withen, P., 2004, An Overview of Research Design: 8. Operationalization, http://people.uvawise.edu/pww8y/Resources/Methods/ResDesign/Operationalization.html#Top, as of November 8th, 2004 and Sepehri, P., 2002, Diversity und Managing Diversity in internationalen Organisationen, p. 50.
For further information on this issue see Garland, R., 1991, The Mid-Point on a Rating Scale: Is it Desirable?, pp 66–70, and Cox, E. P., 1980, The optimal number of response alternatives for a scale: a review, pp 407–442, and Friedman, H. H., Wilamowsky, Y., Friedman, L.W., 1981, A comparison of balanced and unbalanced rating scales, pp 1–7, and Matell, M.S., Jacoby, J., 1971, Is there an optimal number of alternatives for Likert scale items? Study 1: Reliability and validity, pp 657–674.
See American Marketing Association, 2004, Marketing Glossary Dictionary, URL: http://www.marketingpower.com/live/mg-dictionary-view1363.php, as of November 10th, 2004.
Compare for this Thomas, D.A., Ely, R., 1996, Making Differences Matter: A New Paradigm for Managing Diversity, pp 79–90.
See Dass, P., Parker, B., 1999, Strategies for managing human resource diversity: From resistance to learning, pp 68–79.
Compare Sepehri, P., 2002, Diversity und Managing Diversity in internationalen Organisationen.
See Milliken, F. J., Martins, L. L., 1996, Searching for Common Threads, Understanding the Multiple Effects of Diversity in Organizational Groups, pp 405.
Compare Milliken, F. J., Martins, L. L., 1996, Searching for Common Threads, Understanding the Multiple Effects of Diversity in Organizational Groups, pp 409.
See Milliken, F. J., Martins, L. L., 1996, Searching for Common Threads, Understanding the Multiple Effects of Diversity in Organizational Groups, pp 402–433.
Compare Cox, Taylor H., Blake, S., 1991, Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness, pp 45–56.
See Cox, Taylor H., 1993, Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research and Practice.
Compare Smith, J. A., 1995, Semi-Structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis, p. 9.
Ibid., pp 9–26.
Compare Flick, U., 1995, Qualitative Forschung. Theorie, Methoden, Anwendung in der Psychologie und Sozialforschung, and Smith, J. A., 1995, Semi-Structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis, pp 9–26.
Compare Strauss, A., Corbin, J., 1996, Grundlagen Oualitativer Sozialforschung, and Smith, J. A., 1995, Semi-Structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis, pp 9–26.
E.g. study from Schlüter, A., 2001, Institutioneller Wandel und Transformation, Restitution, Transformation und Privatisierung in der tschechischen Landwirtschaft.
For further information on this see Flick, U., 1995, Qualitative Forschung. Theorie, Methoden, Anwendung in der Psychologie und Sozialforschung.
Compare for this Smith, J. A., 1995, Semi-Structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis, p. 13, and Flick, U., 1995, Qualitative Forschung. Theorie, Methoden, Anwendung in der Psychologie und Sozialforschung, p. 100.
For more on funneling, see Guba, E. G., Lincoln, Y. S., 1981, Effective Evaluation: Improving the Usefulness of Evaluation of Results Through Responsive and Naturalistic Approaches.
Own compilation in accordance to creativity argument by Cox, T., Blake, S., 1991, Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness, pp 45–56.
Smith, J. A., 1995, Semi-Structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis, p. 15–16.
Compare Schnell, R., Hill, P. B., Esser, E., 1993, Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung, p. 391, and Smith, J. A., 1995, Semi-Structured Interviewing and Qualitative Analysis, pp 17.
Own compilation in accordance to The Multicultural Organization’ by Taylor H. Cox, 1991, pp 34–47.
Compare Schnell, R., Hill, P. B., Esser, E., 1993, Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung, p. 392.
See Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., 1994, Qualitative data analysis. An expanded sourcebook, p. 27.
Compare Lamnek, S., 1995, Qualitative Sozialforschung, Band 1: Methodologie, p. 238.
For further information on the selection of cases compare Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., 1994, Qualitative data analysis. An expanded sourcebook, p. 28.
Experts are considered as „.functional elites within an organisational an instituional context“ (translated by B.P.) following Meuser and Nagel (2003). Persons are considered experts if they have priviliged access to information and decision making processes.(Meuser and Nagel, 2005) Following Liebold and Trinczek (2002), experts posses spezial technical knowlegde on their field. Compare Liebold, R., Trinczek, R., 2002, Experteninterview, pp 33–71 and Meuser, M, Nagel, u., 2003, Das Experteninterview-Wissenssoziologische Voraussetzung und methodische Durchführung, p. 471 and Meuser, M., Nagel, U., 2002, Experteninterviews-vielfach erprobt, wenig bedacht. Ein Beitrag zur qualitativen Methodendiskussion., pp 71–94.
Classification following the United States Census Bureau, 2000, Race (United States Census).
Compare Schnell, R., Hill, P. B., Esser, E., 1993, Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung, p. 394.
Andreas Diekmann (2000) points out that the rate of return depends on several characteristics. Amongst others such as length of the questionnaire, topic, or chance for a reward, a reminder also influences rate of return. For further information see Diekmann, A., 2000, Empirische Sozialforschung, pp 441 and an older study by Longworth, D. S., 1953, Use of a Mail Questionnaire, pp 310–313.
Diekmann, A., 2000, Empirische Sozialforschung, p. 441, translated by B.P..
For further information on SPSS compare Bühl, A., Zöfel, P., 2000, SPSS Version 10-Einführung in die moderne Datenanalyse unter Windows.
The method of transcription, whether ad verbatim or selectively, is defined by the nature of the study objective. Compare Strauss, A., Corbin, J., 1996, Grounded Theory: Grundlagen qualitativer Sozialforschung, pp 14.
Thompson, R., 2002, Reporting the Results of Computer-assisted Analysis of Qualitative Research Data, p. 1.
Compare Richards, T. J., Richards, L., 1994, Using computers in qualitative research, pp 445–462, and Lee, R. M., Fielding, N. G., 1991, Computing for qualitative research: Options, problems and potential, and Lee, R. M., Fielding, N. G., 1996, Qualitative Data Analysis: Representations of a Technology: A Comment on Coffey, Holbrook and Atkinson, URL: http://www.socresonline.org.uk./1/4/lf.html, as of February, 8th, 2005, and Coffey, A., Holbrook, B., Atkinson, P., 1996 Qualitative data analysis: Technologies and representation, URL: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/1/1/4.html., as of February, 8th, 2005.
For further information on Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software compare Lee, R. M., Fielding, N. G., 1991, Computing for qualitative research: Options, problems and potential, and Kelle, U., 1999, Integration qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden, and Mayring, P., 2000, Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse, and Bong, S. A., 2002, Debunking Myths in Qualitative Data Analysis, and Thompson, 2002, R., 2002, Reporting the Results of Computer-assisted Analysis of Qualitative Research Data.
In accordance to Flick, U., 1995, Qualitative Forschung. Theorie, Methoden, Anwendung in der Psychologie und Sozialforschung, pp 107.
For further information see Kromrey, H., 1995, Empirische Sozialforschung, pp 245.
Concerning quality of empirical social research compare Diekmann, A., 2000, Empirische Sozialforschung, and Lamnek, S., 1995, Qualitative Sozialforschung. Band 2: Methoden und Techniken, and Kromrey, H., 1995, Empirische Sozialforschung.
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(2008). Research process and empirical proceedings. In: Managing Diversity in Intergovernmental Organisations. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90891-5_5
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