Abstract
Is European Studies about studying Europe or about studying the European Union? In many textbooks this simple question about demarcating the main subject of interest is omitted: EU and Europe are treated as synonyms. It is like equalling America with the USA, neglecting people in Canada, Central and South America. Likewise EU-centrism does no justice to people in many sovereign entities in geographical Europe, ranging from Monaco to the Russian Federation and from Turkey to Greenland.
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References
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Denmark voted against ratification of the TEU by 50.7% to 49.3%. But after some cosmetic changes in the Treaty text a second referendum on 18 May 1993 led to a ‘yes’ by 56.8%. 20 Sept 1992, France had given a ‘petit oui’ to the TEU in a referendum by 51.04% to 48.95%. The U.K. stalled ratification till after the Danish yes. The Swiss in a referendum, December 1992, opposed membership of even the European Economic Area (EEA); and they declined EU membership again in 2001 (77.3% rejected membership). Norway had rejected membership in a referendum in 1972, and again in 1994 (48% yes, 52% no; 89% turnout). Both countries do participate in the Schengen Treaty, however. Enthusiasm was bigger in Austria (1994 referendum: 66% yes, 34% no; 81% turnout) and Finland (57% yes, 43% no; 74% turnout), but Sweden was a close call (52% yes, 48% no; 82% turnout). The French Referendum on the Constitution was on 29 May 2005, resulting in a 54.9% no-vote (turnout: 70%); the Dutch Referendum was on 1 June 2005, resulting in a 61.6% no-vote (turnout: 63.3%). [based on Salmon, Trevor and Sir William Nicoll (eds): Building European Union: A Documentary History and Analysis, Manchester 1997, (quoted: Salmon/Nicoll: Building), p. 241; at: http://europa.eu; and “Switzerland is yours”: at http://www.isyours.-com/e/index.html].
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The ECSC was established by the Treaty of Paris (18.04.1951), and was effective from 23.07.1952-02.07.2002.
In the Luxembourg referendum 56.5% voted for and 43.5% against the Constitution. In Spain 76.7% voted yes and 22.3% no. Referenda were postponed in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Ireland, Portugal and the UK See: http://europa.eu/constitution/ratification_en.htm.
See: Wilde, Jaap H. de: The Continuous (Dis)Integration of Europe: A Historical Interpretation of Europe’s Future; in: Wilde, Jaap H. de/ Håkan Wiberg (eds): Organized Anarchy in Europe: The Role of States and Intergovernmental Organizations, London 1996, pp. 85–106.
‘Wadlopen’ means walking across mud flats. It is good sports in the Netherlands, where the Frisian islands, the ‘Waddeneilanden’, can be reached by foot when the tide is low.
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These 2004/2005-figures refer to the so-called ‘conventional international bodies’, i.e. federations of IOs, universal membership organizations, intercontinental membership organizations, regionally oriented membership organizations. The Yearbook of International Organizations additionally mentiones 110 internationally oriented IGOs, 2,323 mulilateral treaties/agreements, 6,929 internationally oriented national NGOs, and 901 religious orders and secular institutes. See: www.uia.org. Source of quotation: UNCTAD: World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness — An Overview, in: Transnational Corporations 3/2000, pp. 131–172.
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A line of thinking well-expressed in the work by Andrew Moravcsik: The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power From Rome to Maastricht, Ithaca, NY 1999, and: Constructivism and European Integration: A Critique, in: Christiansen/Jørgensen/Wiener: The Social Construction of Europe, op. cit., pp. 176–188.
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Most notably Ernst Haas: The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces, Stanford 1958, and: Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organization, Stanford 1964; although Gibbons et al. and Wouters rightly argue the limits of their ability to do so: Gibbons, Michael/Camille Limoges/Helga Nowotny/Simon Schwartzman/Peter Scott/Martin Trow: The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, London 1994; Wouters, Paul/Aant Elzinga/Annemieke Nelis: Contentious Science (The European Association for the Study of Science and Technology), in: EASST Review 3-4/2002, at: www.easst.net/review/sept2002.
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Rosamund:Theories, Ch. 5.
His concern is more about the need to broaden the’ sociology of knowledge’ in EU Studies; Rosamund: Theories, pp. xii, 186.
See, e.g.: Thomassen, Jacques J.A./ Hermann Schmitt (eds): Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union, Oxford 1999.
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Almost analysed in those terms by Frank Schimmelfennig: Competition and Community: Constitutional Courts, Rhetorical Action, and the Institutionalization of Human Rights in the European Union, in: Journal of European Public Policy 8/2000, pp. 1247–1264.
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Hix: System, p. 414.
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de Wilde, J.H. (2007). The Poverty of EU Centrism. In: Ehrhart, HG., Jaberg, S., Rinke, B., Waldmann, J. (eds) Die Europäische Union im 21. Jahrhundert. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90576-1_4
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