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Verwerfungen in der klassischen Moderne — der US-amerikanische Süden als Problemfall in der Debatte um die „Multiple Modernities“

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Die Vielfalt und Einheit der Moderne
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Ursprünge der Debatte um die „Multiple Modernities“ lassen sich viele benennen, zumal der in dieser Debatte steckende zentrale Gedanke von kulturell und geographisch höchst verschiedenartigen Wandlungsprozessen auch den Klassikern der Soziologie so fremd nicht war: Max Webers vergleichende religionssoziologische Untersuchungen kann man ebenso als einen frühen Beitrag zu dieser Diskussion verstehen wie bestimmte Arbeiten im Umkreis der Durkheimschule, die — siehe etwa die Untersuchungen von Marcel Mauss — den Zivilisationsbegriff in vergleichender Absicht verwendet und mehr oder minder systematisch diskutiert haben.1 Dennoch wird man aber behaupten können, dass ein zentraler Abstoßungspunkt aller Theoretiker innerhalb dieser Debatte die klassische Modernisierungstheorie der späten 1950er und 1960er Jahre war und ist, insofern diese Theorie trotz ihrer zwischenzeitlichen Agonie noch immer vielfach herangezogen bzw. ihre Plausibilität noch immer implizit unterstellt, wenn nicht gar explizit behauptet wird. Theoretiker der „Multiplen Moderne“, zu denen sich so unterschiedliche Autoren wie Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, Johann P. Arnason oder Göran Therborn zählen lassen, eint jedoch gerade die scharfe Kritik an dieser Modernisierungstheorie und die Überzeugung, dass deren Defekte sich nicht einfach ausmerzen lassen, ohne die Grundmauern dieser Theorie zum Einsturz zu bringen. Die klassische Modernisierungstheorie ist ihrer Auffassung nach gescheitert, die Modifikationen von Neo-Modernisierungstheoretikern sind in jeder Hinsicht unzureichend.2 Vor allem zwei zentrale Prämissen der Modernisierungstheorie wurden und werden von Multiple-Modernities-Theoretikern entschieden verworfen: 1. Sie haben konsequent versucht, ein unilineares Bild des Geschichtsprozesses und die Idee der Geschichte als Fortschritt hinter sich zu lassen.

Vgl. hierzu Johann P. Arnason: Civilizations in Dispute. Historical Questions and Theoretical Traditions. Leiden/Boston 2003, S. 67ff.

Wolfgang Knöbl: Spielräume der Modernisierung. Das Ende der Eindeutigkeit. Weilerswist 2001.

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Knöbl, W. (2006). Verwerfungen in der klassischen Moderne — der US-amerikanische Süden als Problemfall in der Debatte um die „Multiple Modernities“. In: Schwinn, T. (eds) Die Vielfalt und Einheit der Moderne. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90111-4_4

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