Skip to main content

Understanding Inequality in Schools: The Contribution of Interpretative Studies

  • Chapter
Handbuch Bildungs- und Erziehungssoziologie

Part of the book series: Bildung und Gesellschaft ((BILDUNGUG))

Abstract

Research in the sociology of education reflects the distinction between “macro” and “micro” that has dominated the field of sociology more generally (see, for example, Alexander et al. 1987; R. Collins 1981a, 1981b; Giddens 1984; Knorr-Cetina and Cicourel 1981). In studies of education, the macro includes structural forces conceptualized at the societal level, including economic constraints and capitalist demands, while the micro includes individual or group actions and responses to constraints imposed on social actors. I am not content with this distinction because it perpetuates a false dichotomy, reifies social structure, and relegates social interaction to a residual status.

Erstveröffentlichung in: Sociology of Education 1992, Vol. 65 (January): 1–20.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, J., B. Geisen, R. Munch, and N. Smelse (eds.) (1987): The Micro-Macro Link. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allington, R. (1983): “The Reading Instruction Provided Readers of Different Reading Abilities.” Elementary School Journal 83 : 549–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anyon, J. (1980): “Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work.” Journal of Education 163 : 87–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apple, M. (1983): “Reproduction and Contradiction in Education: An Introduction.” In Essays in Class, Ideology and the State. Boston: Routledge & Kagan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apple, M. (1985): Education and Power. Boston: Routledge & Kagan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, P., S. Delamont and M. Hamersley (1988): “Qualitative Research Traditions: A British Response to Jacob.” Review of Educational Research 58 : 23150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Au, K. (1980): “Participation Structures in a Reading Lesson With Hawaiian Children.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 11 : 91–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, J. L. (1962): How To Do Things With Words. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnhardt, C. (1982): “‘Tuning in’: Athabaskan Teachers and Students.” In Cross-Cultural Issues in Alaskan Education (vol. 2), edited by R. Barnhardt. Fairbanks: University of Alaska, Center for Cross-Cultural Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. (1952): “Social Class Variations in the Teacher-Pupil Relationship.” Journal of Educational Sociology 25 : 451–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. (1953): “The Teacher in the Authority Structure of the School.” Journal of Educational Sociology 27 : 128–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, B. (1973): Class, Codes and Control: Vol. 3. Toward a Theory of Educational Transmissions. London: Routledge & Kogan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidwell, C. E. (1988): “Willard Waller and the Sociology of Education.” In Willard Waller on Education and Schools: A Critical Appraisal, edited by Donald J. Willower and William Lowe Boyd. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. and O. D. Duncan (1967): The American Occupational Structure. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1977a): “Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction.” In Power and Ideology in Education, edited by Jerome Karabel and A. H. Halsey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pi. (1977b): Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1989): “Social Space and Symbolic Power.” Sociological Theory 7 : 14–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. and J.-C. Passeron (1977): Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, S. and H. Gintis (1976): Schooling in Capitalist America. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, S. and H. Gintis (1988): “Schooling in Capitalist America: A Reply to Our Critics.” In Bowles and Gintis Revisited, edited by Mike Cole. London: Palmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brophy, J. and T. Good (1974): Teacher-Student Relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazden, C. B. (1979): Peekaboo as an Instructional Strategy: Discourse Development at Home and at School (Papers and Reports on Child Language Development No. 17). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Department of Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazden, C. B. (1986): “Classroom Discourse.” In Handbook of Research on Teaching, edited by M. Wittrock. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazden, C. B. (1988): Classroom Discourse. New York: Heineman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazden, C. B. and H. Mohan (1989): “Principles from Sociology and Anthropology: Context, Code, Classroom and Culture”. In Knowledge Base for the Beginning Teacher, edited by Maynard C. Reynolds. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicourel, A. V. (1973): Cognitive Sociology. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicourel, A. V., K. Jennings, S. H. M. Jennings, K. Leiter, R. Mackay, H. Mohan and D. Roth (1974): Language Use and School Performance. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicourel, A. V. and J. L Kitsuse (1963): Educational Decision Makers. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs- Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicourel, A. V. and H. Mohan (1983): “Universal Development, Stratifying Practices and Status Attainment.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 4 : 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M. and P. Griffin (1987): Contextual Factors in Education. Madison: Wisconsin Center for education Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M. (1988): “Contradictions in the Educational Theory of Gintis and Bowles”. In Bowles and Gintis Revisited, edited by Mike Cole. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J., E. Campbell, C. Hobson, J. McPartland, A. Mood, F. D. Weinfeld and R. York (1966): Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. (1986): “Differential Instruction in Reading Groups.” In The Social Construction of Literacy, edited by J. CookGumperz. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. (1981a): “Micro Translation as a Theory Building Activity.” In Advances in Social Theory and Methodology, edited by K. Knorr-Cetina and A. V. Cicourel. London: Routledge & Kagan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. (1981b): “On the Microfoundations of Macrosociology.” American Journal of Sociology 86 : 984–1014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrade, R. G. (1987): “Cultural Meaning Systems.” In Culture Theory, edited by Richard A. Shweder and Robert A. LeVine. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Gaiton, C. (1987): “Traditions and Transitions in the Learning Process of Mexican American Children.” In Interpretive Ethnography of Education, edited by George Spindler and Louise Spindler. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P. (1982): “Cultural Capital and School Success.” American Sociological Review 47 : 189–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eder, D. (1981): “Ability Grouping as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy.” Sociology of Education 54 : 151–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, F. (1984): “An Anthropologist’s Perspective.” Review of Educational Research 54 : 63–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, F. (1986): “Qualitative Methods in Research on Teaching.” In: Handbook of Research on Teaching, edited by M. Wittrock. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, F. and G. Mohatt (1982): “Participant Structures in Two Communities.” In Doing the Ethnography of Schooling, edited by G. D. Spindler. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, F. and J. Schultz (1982): The Counselor as Gatekeeper. New York Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, M. (1989): “It’s Cookin’ Now: A Performance Analysis of the Speech Events in an Urban Community College.” Language in Society 18 : 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gage, N. L. (1989): “The Paradigm Wars and Their Aftermath.” Educational Researcher 18 : 4–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1984): The Constitution of Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, P. and D. M. Smith (1982) “A Retrospective Discussion of the State of the Art of Ethnography in Education.” In Ethnography and Education: Children In and Out of School, edited by P. Gilmore and A. A. Glatthorn. Washington, DC: CAL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giroux, H. (1983): Theory and Resistance in Education. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Harvey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorbutt, D. (1972): “The New Sociology of Education.” Education for Teaching 1 : 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gumperz, J. J. (1971): Language in Social Groups. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gumperz, J. J. (1981): Discourse Strategies. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gumperz, J. J. and E. Herasmichuk (1975): “The Conversational Analysis of Meaning: A Study of Classroom Interaction.” In Sociocultural Dimensions of Language Use, edited by M. Sanchez and B. G. Blount. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallinan, M. T. (1989): “The State of the Art.” In Schools and Society (2nd ed.), edited by Jeanne H. Ballantine. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haycock, K. and S. Navarro (1988): Unfinished Business. Oakland, CA: Achievement Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. (1975): Culture Against Man. New York: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingshead, A. B. (1949): Elmstown’s Youth. New York John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, P. (1967): Life in Classrooms. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, E. (1987): “Qualitative Research Tradition: A Review.” Review of Educational Research 57 : 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, C. S., S. Bartlett, M. Corcoran, J. Crouse, D. Eaglesfleld, G. Jackson, K. McClelland, P. Mueser, M. Olneck, J. Schwartz, S. Ward and J. Williams (1977): Who Gets Ahead ? New York Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, C. S., M. Smith, H. Ackland, M. J. Bare, D. Cohen, H. Glatts, B. Heyns and S. Michelson (1972): Inequality. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, S. (1988): Cooperative Lemming and Sociocultural Factors in Schooling. In Beyond Language. Los Angeles: California State University, Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karabel, J. and A. H. Halsey (eds.) (1977): Power and Ideology in Education. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knorr-Cetina, K. and A. V. Cicourel (eds.) (1981): Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociology. London: Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamont, M. and A. Lareau (1988): “Cultural Capital: Allusions, Gaps and Glissandos in Recent Theoretical Developments.” Theoretical Sociology 6 : 153–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laosa, L. M. (1973): “Reform in Educational and Psychological Assessment: Cultural and Linguistic Issues.” Journal of the Association of Mexican-American Educators 1 : 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lareau, A. (1987): “Social Class Differences in Family-School Relationships.” Sociology of Education 60 : 73–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lareau, A. (1989): Home Advantage: Social Class and Parental Intervention in Elementary Education. New York: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLaren, P. (1980): Cries from the Corridor. Toronto: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLaren, P. (1989): Life in the Schools. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, J. (1987): Ain’t No Makin’ It. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlaire, C. L. and D. W. Maynard (1990): “Standardized Testing as an Interactional Phenomenon.” Sociology of Education 83 : 83–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. (1976): Capital. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin (original work published 1867).

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullum, P. (1989): “Turn-Allocation in Lessons with North American and Puerto Rican Students.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 20 : 133–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, R. P. and J. Aron (1978): “Pirendello in the Classroom.” In The Futures of Education, edited by M. Reynolds. Reston, VA: Council of Exceptional Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, R. P., S. V. Goldman, and H. Varenne (1984): “When School Goes Home: Some Problems in the Organaziation of Homework.” Teachers College Record 85 : 391–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, R. P., K. Godspondinoff, and J. Aron (1978): “Criteria for an Ethnographically Adequate Description of Concerted Events and Their Contexts.” Semiotica 24(3-4) : 245–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehan, H. (1978): “Structuring School Structure.” Harvard Educational Review 48 : 32–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehan, H. (1979): Learning Lessons. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehan, H., A. Hetweck and J. L. Meihls (1985): Handicapping the Handicapped: Decision Making in Student ? Careers. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, S. (1981): “Baring Time: Children’s Narrative Style and Differential Access to Literacy.” Language In Society 10 : 423–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics. 1986. The Condition of Education: A Statistical Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, J. (1982): “Classroom Social Relationships: Exploring the Bowles and Gintis Hypothesis.” Sociology of Education 55 : 197–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, J. (1985): Keeping Track: How Schools Structure Inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogbu, J. U. (1985): “Cultural Discontinuities and Schooling.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 13 : 290–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogbu, J. U. and E.-M. Matute Bianchi (1988): “Understanding Sociocultural Factors: Knowledge, Identity and School Adjustment,” In Beyond Language Los Angeles: California State University, Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philips, S. (1982): The Invisible Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warmsprings Indian Reservation. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piestrup, A. (1973): Mack Dialect-Interference and Accommodation of Reading Instruction in the First Grade (Monographs of the Language Behavior Research Lab). Berkeley: University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollner, M. (1987): Mundane Reason. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, B. (1989): “Two Tracks to Nowhere: A Review of MacLeod’s Ain’t No Makin’ lt.” Socialist Review 19 : 155–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rist, R. C. (1973): The Urban School: Factory for Failure. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, J. (1976): Malring Inequality. New York: Wiley Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, J., S. Florin and F. Erickson (1979): “Where’s the Floor ?” In Ethnography and Education: Children In and Out of School, edited by P. Gilmore and A. A. Glatthorn. Washington, DC: CAL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. (1969): Speech Acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuy, R. and P. Griffin (1978): The Study of Children’s Functional Language and Education in the Early Years. Washington, DC: CAL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, J. M. and R. M. Coulthard (1975): Toward an Analysis of Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suarez-Orosco, M. M. (1987): “Becoming Somebody: Central American Immigrants in UB, Inner- City Schools.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 18 : 287–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tharp, R. and R. Gallimore (1988): Rousing Minds to Life: Teaching, Learning and Schooling in Social Context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trueba, H. (1986): Success or Failure ? Learning and the Language Minority Student. New York: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vendler, Z. (1972): Res Cogitans: An Essay in Rational Psychology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waller, W. (1932): The Sociology of Teaching. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wexler, P. (1987): Social Analysis of Education: After the New Sociology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, K. (1982): “Differential Socialization in the Classroom: Implications for Equal Opportunity.” In Doing the Ethnography of Schooling, edited by G. D. Spindler. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, P. E. (1977): Learning to Labor. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1951): The Philosophical Investigations. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. F. K. (1971): Knowledge and Control London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. F. K. (1988): “Curriculum and Development: Some Lessons from a Critique of the ‘New Sociolagy of Education”, Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, April.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mehan, H. (2012). Understanding Inequality in Schools: The Contribution of Interpretative Studies. In: Bauer, U., Bittlingmayer, U.H., Scherr, A. (eds) Handbuch Bildungs- und Erziehungssoziologie. Bildung und Gesellschaft. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-18944-4_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-18944-4_17

  • Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-531-17922-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-531-18944-4

  • eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Science (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics