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Notes
- 1.
Education in Canada is the mandate of the provinces. There is no coordinating federal ministry of education. Although the different provincial education systems are remarkably alike, given the lack of a coordinating ministry, there are nonetheless distinct differences. One of these differences is the mandatory schooling age, which was recently raised to 18 in Ontario.
- 2.
Underemployment defines a situation in which a job incumbent has higher levels of formal credentials than the job content demands. It is also a rather difficult concept to measure. Livingstone (2004) relies to some degree on subjective, self-reported evidence of underemployment. Statistics Canada considers a person underemployed who has a university degree but spends at least one month in a given reporting period in a job requiring only high school education (see Li et al., 2004).
- 3.
For a more detailed description of RAP, see Lehmann (2005, 2007).
- 4.
There are few efforts in Alberta to increase female participation in traditional male trades. There are no equality of opportunity programs or diversity initiatives (at least at the high school level) that try to increase participation of women in male-dominated apprenticeships. Generally, it is seen as sufficient to ensure that young women are aware of the opportunities in the trades (Taylor and Lehmann, 2002). More research is needed to investigate why, for example, so few women choose careers in the trades, to what extent this gender imbalance is related to gender role socialization or hostile workplaces (see Gaskell, 1992), and how cooperation with different partner groups might redress these imbalances.
- 5.
Abitur is the German secondary education certificate required for admission to university.
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Lehmann, W. (2012). Youth Apprenticeships in Canada: Context, Structures and Apprentices’ Experiences. In: Pilz, M. (eds) The Future of Vocational Education and Training in a Changing World. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-18757-0_3
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