Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

New Aspects of Metabolism and Behaviour of Mesenchymal Cells during the Pathogenesis of Arteriosclerosis pp 37–48Cite as

The Role of Type 1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor in the Regulation of the Fibrinolytic System of the Normal and Atherosclerotic Vessel Wall

  • Chapter

  • 51 Accesses

Part of the book series: Abhandlungen der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ((ARAW,volume 87))

Abstract

It is generally assumed that vascular homeostasis results from the regulated interaction of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. These systems appear to be in dynamic equilibrium, and any imbalance in them leads to an increased risk of thrombosis or the tendency to develop a bleeding diathesis (Astrup, 1958). This balance is severely disturbed in the atherosclerotic vessel wall (Balkuv-Ulutin, 1986; Breddin, 1986). Thrombosis is most likely initiated upon plaque rupture, a process which undoubtedly exposes the flowing blood to the procoagulant activity present in the necrotic core of the vessel wall (for review, see Chandler, 1982). The fibrinolytic system (for review, see Bachmann, 1987) is responsible for the dissolution of fibrin deposits in the vasculature. Degradation of fibrin normally results from the action of plasmin, which circulates in plasma as an inactive proenzyme, plasminogen, and is activated by plasminogen activators (PAs) like urinary-type PA (u-PA) and tissue-type PA (t-PA). The presence of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), the physiological inhibitor of both u-PA and t-PA (for review, see Loskutoff et al., 1989), in the plaque will prevent this system from being activated. This review will emphasize the role of PAI-1 in regulating the fibrinolytic system of the vessel wall. Particular attention will be paid to the interaction between PAI-1 and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including vitronectin (Vn) and the potential importance of this interaction for vascular disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alessi, M.C., Juhan-Vague, I., Kooistra, T., Declerck, P.J., and Collen, D.: Insulin stimulates the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor l by the human hepatocellular cell line hep G2. Thromb. Haemostas. 1988; 60: 491–494.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Assoian, R.K., Sporn, M.B.: Type-beta transforming growth factor in human platelets: Release during platelet degranulation and action on vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Cell. Bio. 1986; 102: 1217–1223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Astrup, T.: The haemostatic balance. Thromb. Diath. Haem. 1958; 2: 347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Auwerx, J., Bouillon, R., Collen, D.: Geboers. Tissue-type plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in diabetes mellitus. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bachmann, F., Fibrinolysis. In: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Ed. Verstraete, M., Vermylen, J., Lijnen, H.R., Arnout, J. Leuven University Press, Leuven, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Balkuv-Ulutin: Fibrinolytic system in atherosclerosis. Sem. Thromb. Haemost. 1986; 12: 91–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Barnard, J.A., Lyons, R.M., Moses, H.L.: The cell biology of transforming growth factor beta. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1990; 1032: 79–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bevilacqua, M.P., Schleef, R.R., Gimbrone, M.A. Jr., Loskutoff, D.J.: Regulation of the fibrinolytic system of cultured human vascular endothelium by interleukin 1. J. Clin. Invest. 1986a; 78: 587 —591.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bevilacqua, M.P., Pober, J.S., Majeau, G.R. Fiers, W., Cotran, R.S., Gimbrone, M.A. Jr.: Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: Characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986b; 83: 4533–4537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Booth, N.A., Anderson, J.A., Bennett, B.: Platelet release protein which inhibits plasminogen activators. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985; 38: 825–830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Breddin, K.: Detection of prethrombotic states in patients with atherosclerotic lessions. Sem. Thromb. Haemost. 1986; 12: 110–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Busso, N., Belin, D., Failly-Crepin, C., Vassalli, J.D.: Glucocorticoid modulation of plasminogen activators and of one of their inhibitors in the human mammary carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231. Can. Res. 1987; 47: 364–370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chandler, A.B.: Thrombotic processes in coronary disease. In: Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic principles and clinical practice. Ed. Colman, R.W., Hirsh, J., Marder, V.J., Salzman, E.W. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia-Toronto, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Coleman, P.L., Barouski-Miller, P.A., Gelehrter, T.D.: The dexamethsaone-induced inhibitor of fibrinolytic activity in hepatoma cells — a cellular product which specifically inhibits plasminogen activation. J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 4260–4264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Coleman, P.L., Patel, P.D., Cwikel, B.J., Rafferty, U.M., Sznycer-Laszuk, R., Gelehrter, T.D.: Characterization of the dexamethasone-induced inhibitor of plasminogen activator in HTC hepatoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 4352–4357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Colucci, M., Paramo, J.A., Collen, D.: Generation in plasma of a fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activator in response to endotoxin stimulation. J. Clin. Invest. 1985; 75: 818–824.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Colucci, M., Paramo, J.A., Collen, D.: Inhibition of one-chain and two-chain forms of human tissue-type plasminogen activator by the fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activator in vitro and in vivo. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1986; 108: 53–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Conlan, M.G., Tomasini, B.R., Schultz, R.L., Mosher, D.J.: Plasma vitronectin polymorphism in normal subjects and patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood 1988; 72: 185–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Crutchley, D.J., Conanan, L.B.: Endotoxin induction of an inhibitor of plasminogen activator in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 154159.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Declerk, P.J., De Mol, M., Alessi, M.C., Baudner, S., Paques, E.P., Preissner, K.T., Mueller-Berghaus, G., Collen, D.: Purification and characterization of a plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 binding protein from human plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 1545415461.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dubor, F., Dosne, A.M., Chedid, L.A.: Effect of polymyxin B and colimycin on induction of plasminogen antiactivator by lipopolysaccharide in human endothelial cell culture. Infect. Immun. 1986; 52: 725–729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Duguid, J.B.: Thrombosis as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of aortic atherosclerosis. J. Path. Bact. 1948; 60: 925.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ehrlich, H.J., Klein Gebbink, R., Keijer, J., Linders, M., Preissner, K.T., Pannekoek, H.: Alteration of serpin specifity by a protein cofactor. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 1302913035.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Emeis, J.J., Kooistra, T.: Interleukin 1 and lipopolysaccharide induce an inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator in vivo and in cultured endothelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 1986; 163: 1260–1266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Erickson, L.A., Ginsberg, M.H., Loskutoff, D.J.’ Detection and partial characterization of an inhibitor of plasminogen activator in human platelets. J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 74: 1465 —1472.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Erickson, L.A., Hekman, C.M., Loskutoff, D.J.: The primary plasminogen-activator inhibitors in endothelial cells, platelets, serum, and plasma are immunologically related. Proc. Natl., Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82: 8710–8714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gelehrter, T.D., Sznycer-Laszuk, R.: Thrombin induction of plasminogen activator-inhibitor in cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1986; 77: 165–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gordon, D., Augustine, A.J., Smith, K.M., Schwartz, S.M., Wilcox, J.N.: Localization of cells expressing tPA, PAI-1, and urokinase by in situ hybridization in human atherosclerotic plaques and in the normal thesus monkey. Atherogenesis 1989; 1: 419.

    Google Scholar 

  29. of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity in cultured human endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1986; 139: 720–727.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Guettier, C., Hinglais, N., Bruneval, P., Kazatchkine, M., Bariety, J., Camilleri, J.P.: Immunohistochemical localization of S protein/vitronectin in human atherosclerotic versus arteriosclerotic arteries. Virchows Archiv. A. Pathol. Anat. 1989; 414: 309–313.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hamsten, A., Wiman, B., deFaire, U., Blomback, M.: Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 313: 1557–1563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hekman, C.J., and Loskutoff, D.J.: Endothelial cells produce a latent inhibitor of plasminogen activators that can be activated by denaturants. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 11581–11587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hekman, C.M., and Loskutoff, D.J.: Bovine plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: Specificity determinations and comparison of the active, latent and guanidine-activated forms. Biochemistry 1988a; 27: 2911–2918.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hekman, C.M., and Loskutoff, DJ.: Kinetic analysis of the interactions between plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and both urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Archives of Biochem. and Biophys. 1988b; 262: 199–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ignotz, R., Massague, J.: Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates the expression of fibronectin and collagen and their incorporation into the extracellular matrix. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 4337–4345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Juhan-Vague, I., Vague, P., Alessi, M.C., Badier, C., Valadier, J., Aillaud, M.F. Atlan, C.: Relationship between plasma insulin, triglyceride, body mass index, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Diabetes Metab. 1987; 13: 331.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Katagiri, K., Okada, K., Hattori, H., Yano, M.: Bovine endothelial cell plasminogen activator inhibitor. Purification and heat activation. Eur. J. Bioch. 1988; 176: 81–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Knudsen, B.S., Hapel, P.C., Nachman, R.L.: Plasminogen activator inhibitor is associated with the extracellular matrix of cultured bovine smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1987; 80: 1082–1089.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kooistra, T., Sprengers, E.D., van Hinsbergh, V.W.M.: Rapid inactivation of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor upon secretion from cultured human endothelial cells. Biochem. J. 1986; 239: 497–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kooistra, T., Bosma, PJ., Tons, H.A.M., van den Berg, A.P., Meyer, P., Princen, H.M.B.: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: Biosynthesis and mRNA level are increased by insulin in cultured human hepatocytes. Thromb. Haemost. 1989; 62: 723–728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kruithof, E.K.O., Tran-Thang, C., Bachmann, F.W.: Studies on the release of a plasmino- gen activator inhibitor by human platelets. Thromb. Haemost. 1986; 55: 201–205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kruithof, E.K.O., Nicolosa, G., Bachmann, F.W.: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: Development of a radioimmunoassay and observations on its plasma concentration during venous occlusion and after platelet aggregation. Blood 1987; 70: 1645–1653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Laiho, M., Saksela, O., Keski-Oja, J.: Transforming growth factor-beta induction of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 17467–17474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. by negatively charged phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 17492–17496.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Lawrence, D., and Loskutoff, DJ.: Inactivation of plasminogen activator inhibitor by oxidants. Biochemistry 1986; 21: 6351–6355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Levin, E.G., Marzec, U., Anderson, J., and Harker, L.A.: Thrombin stimulates tissue plasminogen activator release from cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 74: 1988–1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Levin, E.G., Santell, L.: Conversion of the active to latent plasminogen activator inhibitor from human endothelial cells. Blood 1987a; 70: 1090–1098.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Levin, E.G., Santell, L.: Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) with the growth substratum and membrane of human endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biol. 1987b; 105: 2543 —2549.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Lindahl, T., Wiman, B.: Purification of high and low molecular weight plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 from fibrosarcoma cell-line HT 1080 conditioned medium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1989; 994: 253–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Loskutoff, D.J., Roegner, K., Erickson, L.A., Schleef, R.R., Huttenlocher, A., Coleman, P.L., Gelehrter, T.D.: The dexamethasone-induced inhibitor of plasminogen activator in hepatoma cells is antigenically-related to an inhibitor produced by bovine aortic endothelial cells. Thromb. Haemost. 1986; 55: 8–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Loskutoff, D.J. Sawdey, M., and Mimuro, J.: Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. In: B. Coller (Ed.) Progress in Hemostas Thromb., 9: 97–115, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  52. McFall, B.C., and Reilly, C.F.: TGF beta and PDGF induce plasminogen activator inhibitor release from vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J. 1990; 4: 3631.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Mimuro, J., Schleef, R.R., and Loskutoff, DJ.: The extracellular matrix of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells contains functionally active type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. Blood 1987a; 70: 721–728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mimuro, J., Loskutoff, DJ.: Effect of transforming growth factor-beta on the fibrinolytic system of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEs). Thromb. Haemost. 1987b; 58: 1647.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Mimuro, J., and Loskutoff, D.J.: Binding of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor to the extracellular matrix of cultured bovine endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1989a; 264: 5058–5063.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Mimuro, J., and Loskutoff, D.J.: Purification of a protein from bovine plasma that binds to type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and prevents its interaction with extracellular matrix. Evidence that the protein is vitronectin. J. Biol. Chem. 1989b; 264: 936–939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Morrison, D.C., Ulevitch, R.J.: The effects of bacterial endotoxins on host mediation systems. Am. J. Path. 1978; 93: 527–617.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nachman, R.L., Hajjar, K.A., Silverstein, R.L., Dinarello, C.A.: Interleukin 1 induces endothelial cell synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor. J. Exp. Med. 1986; 163: 1595–1600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Nawroth, P.P., Stern, D.M.: Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med. 1986; 163: 740–745.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Niculescu, F., Rus, H.G., Porutiu, D., Ghiurca, V., Vlaicu, R.: Immunoelectron-microscopic localization of S-protein/vitronectin in human atherosclerotic wall. Atherosclerosis 1989; 78: 197–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Oseroff, A., Krishnamurti, C., Hassett, A., Tang, D., and Alving B.: Plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor activities in men with coronary artery disease. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1989; 113: 88–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Paramo, J.A., Colucci, M., Collen, D.: Plasminogen activator inhibitor in the blood of patients with coronary artery disease. Br. Med. J. 1985; 291: 573–574.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Podor, T., Sawdey, M., Mathison, J., Tobias, P., Ulevitch, R., Loskutoff, D.J.: Serum-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding factors enhance the LPS-mediated induction of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in endothelial cells. Fibrinolysis 1988; 2 (supp 1): 149.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Pollanen, J., Saksela, O., Salonen, E.M., Andreasen, P.A., Nielsen, L., Dano, K., Vaheri, A.: Distinct localizations of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its type 1 inhibitor under cultured human fibroblast and sarcoma cells. J. Cell. Biol. 1987; 104: 1085–1096.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Pollanen, J., Hedman, K., Nielsen, L.S., Dano, K., Vaheri, A.: Ultrastructural localization of plasma membrane-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator at focal contacts. J. Cell. Biol. 1988; 106: 87–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Preissner, K.T., Holzhuter, S., Justus, C., Muller-Berghaus, G.: Identification and partial characterization of platelet vitronectin: Evidence for complex formation with platelet-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Blood 1989; 74: 1989–1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Roberts, A.B., Sporn, M.B., Assoian, R.K., Smith, J.M., Roche, N.S., Wakefield, L.M., Heine, U.I., Liotta, L.A., Falanga, V., Kehrl, J.H., and Fauci A.S.: Transforming growth factor type-beta: Rapid induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis in vivo and stimulation of collagen formation in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 4167–4171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Rokitansky, C.V.: A manual of pathologic anatomy. The Sydenham Society 1852; p. 271.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ross, R.: The pathogenesis of artherosclerosis: an update. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 488–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Saksela, O., Moscatelli, D., and Rifkin, D.B.: The opposing effects of basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor beta on the regulation of plasminogen activator activity in capillary endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biol. 1987; 105: 957–963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. with vitronectin. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 6339–6343.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Schleef, R.R., Bevilacqua, M.P., Sawdey, M., Gimbrone, M.A., Jr., and Loskutoff, D.J.: Cytokine-activation of vascular endothelium: Effects on tissue-type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 5797–5803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Schleef, R.R., Podor, TJ., Dunne, E., Mimuro, J., and Loskutoff, D.J.: The majority of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor associated with cultured human endothelial cells is located under the cells and is accessible to solution-phase tissue-type plasminogen activator. J. Cell. Biol. 1990; 110: 155–163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Seiffert, D., Mimuro, J., Loskutoff, D.J.: Analysis of the interaction between type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and its binding protein vitronectin. Fibrinolysis 1989a; 3 (suppl. 1), 39.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Seiffert, D., Wagner, N.N., and Loskutoff, D.J.: Serum-derived vitronectin influences the pericellular distribution of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. J. Cell. Biol. 1990b; 111: 1283–1291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Slivka, S.R., and Loskutoff, D.J.: Platelets stimulate endothelial cells to synthesize type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. Blood 1991; 77: 1013–1019.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sporn, M.B., Robert, A.B., Wakefield, L.M., de Crombrugghe, B.: Some recent advances in the chemistry and biology of transforming growth factor beta. J. Cell. Biol. 1987; 105: 1039–1045.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Sprengers, E.D., Akkerman, J.W.N., Jansen, B.G.: Blood platelet plasminogen activator inhibitor: Two different pools of endothelial cell type. Thromb. Haemost. 1986; 55: 325–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sprengers, E.D., Kluft, C.: Plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood 1987; 69: 381–387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Travis, J., Salvesen, G.S.: Human plasma protein inhibitors. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1983; 52: 655–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Vague, P., Juhan-Vague, I., Aillaud, M.F., Badier, C., Viard, R., Alessi, M.C., Collen, D.: Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 1986; 35: 250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. van Mourik, J.A., Lawrence, D.A., Loskutoff, D.J.: Purification of an inhibitor of plasminogen activator (antiactivator) synthesized by endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1984; 259: 14914–14921.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Weiss, S.J., Regiani, S.: Neutrophils degrade subendothelial matrices in the presence of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor. J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 73: 1297–1303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Wilcox, J.N., Smith, K.M., Schwartz, S.M., and Gordon, D.: Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque. Prov. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 2839–2843.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wiman, B., Chmielewska, J., Ranby, M.: Inactivation of tissue plasminogen activator in plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 1984; 259: 3644–3647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wiman, B., Almquist, A., Sigurdardottir, O., Lindahi, T.: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI) is bound to vitronectin in plasma. FEBs Letters 1988; 242: 125–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Woolf, N.: Thrombosis and atherosclerosis. In: Haemostasis and thrombosis. Ed. Bloom AL, Thomas, D.P. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1981; p. 527–552.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Wun, T.C., Palmier, M.O., Siegel, N.R., Smith, C.E.: Affinity purification of active plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) using immobilized anhydrourokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 7862–7868.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Zwall, R.F.A.: Membrane and lipid involvement in blood coagulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1978; 515: 163–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, Committee on Vascular Biology, La Jolla, California, USA

    Dietmar Seiffert & David J. Loskutoff

Authors
  1. Dietmar Seiffert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David J. Loskutoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH Opladen

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Seiffert, D., Loskutoff, D.J. (1991). The Role of Type 1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor in the Regulation of the Fibrinolytic System of the Normal and Atherosclerotic Vessel Wall. In: New Aspects of Metabolism and Behaviour of Mesenchymal Cells during the Pathogenesis of Arteriosclerosis. Abhandlungen der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol 87. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-99112-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-99112-6_6

  • Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-322-99114-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-322-99112-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation