Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Geomed ’97 pp 70–82Cite as

The use of density estimation techniques in mapping the distribution of Hepatitis A

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Informatik und Unternehmensführung ((I&U))

Abstract

The application of the method of density estimation to the distribution of hepatitis A in the north west of England is illustrated. Density estimation helps address problems of visualisation and scale in the mapping of disease cases. Several methods are compared and their properties summarised. It is clear that there is no one “correct” method and that users must experiment to find which best suits their data and problem. Current GIS systems struggle in the manipulation and display of the output.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bithell, J.F. (1990) ‘An application of density estimation to geographical epidemiology’, Statistics in Medicine, 9, 691–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bracken, I. and Martin, D. (1989) ‘The generation of spatial population distributions from census centroid data’, Environment and Planning A, 21, 537–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunsdon, C. (1991) ‘Estimating Probability surfaces in GIS: An adaptive technique’ in Harts, J., Ottens, H.F.L., and Scholten, H.J. (eds) Proceedings First European Conference on Geographical Information Systems, Amsterdam, EGIS Foundation: Netherlands, 155–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunsdon, C. (1995) ‘Estimating Probability Surfaces for Geographical Point Data: An adaptive kernel algorithm’, Computers and Geosciences, 21, 7, 877–894.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, D. and Kaldor, J. (1987) ‘Empirical Bayes estimates of age-standardised relative risks for the use in disease mapping’, Biometics, 43, 671–681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, A.D. and Haggett, P. (1988) Atlas of Disease Distributions, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, A.(1990) ‘Using a geographical information system to explore the spatial incidence of childhood cancer in Northern England’ in Harts, J., Ottens, H.F.L., and Scholten, H.J. (eds) Proceedings First European Conference on Geographical Information Systems, Amsterdam, EGIS Foundation: Netherlands, 218–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diggle, P. (1990) ‘A point process modelling approach to raised incidence of a rare phenomenon in the vicinity of a prespecified point’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 153, Part 3, 349–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M.J., Winter, P.D., Taylor, C.P. and Acheson, E.D. (1983) Atlas of Cancer Mortality in England and Wales 1968–78, Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatrell, A.C. (1989) ‘On the spatial representation and accuracy of address-based data in the United Kingdom’, International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 3, 335–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gatrell, A.C. (1992) ‘Density estimation and the visualisation of point patterns’, in Hearnshaw, H. and Unwin, D. (eds) Visualization in Geographical Information Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatrell, A.C., Dunn, C.E., and Boyle, P.J. (1991) ‘The relative utility of the Central Postcode Directory and Pinpoint Address Code in applications of geographical information systems’, Environment and Planning A, 23, 1447–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giggs, J.A., Ebdon, D.S., and Bourke, J.B. (1980) ‘The epidemiology of primary acute pancreatitis in the Nottingham Defined Population Area’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 5, 229–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, G.M. (1970) National Atlas of Disease Mortality in the United Kingdom, Nelson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, G. (1964) ‘The detection of space-time interactions’, Applied Statistics, 13, 25–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langford, M. and Unwin, D. (1994) ‘Generating and mapping population density surfaces with a Geographical Information System’, The Cartographic Journal, 31, 21–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, H.C., Handford, S., Perry, K.R., Nicholas, S., Waight, P., O’Mahony, M., Begg, N.T. (1995) ‘A collaborative case-control study of sporadic hepatitis A in England’, Communicable Disease Report 5, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. (1988) ‘An approach to surface generation from centroid-type data’, Technical Reports in Geo-Information Systems 5, Computing and Cartography, The Wales and South West Regional Research Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. and Bracken, I. (1991) ‘Techniques for modelling population-related raster databases’, Environment and Planning A, 23, 1069–1075.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, M.A. (1994) ‘Geostatistics, rare diseases and the environment’ in Scholten, H., Fischer, M. and Unwin, D. (eds)(in press) Spatial Analytical Perspectives on GIS in the environment and socioeconomic sciences. Taylor and Francis, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Openshaw, S. (1990) ‘Automating the search for cancer clusters: a review of problems, progress and opportunities’, in Thomas, R.W. (ed) Spatial Epidemiology, 48–78, Pion, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Openshaw, S., Charlton, M., and Cross, A.E. (1990) ‘Building a prototype Geographical Correlates Exploration Machine’, International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 4, 297–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Openshaw, S., Charlton, M., Wymer, C. and Craft, A.W. (1987) ‘A Mark I geographical analysis machine for the automated analysis of point data sets’, International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 1, 335–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Openshaw, S., and Taylor, P.J. (1987) ‘The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem’ in Wrigley, N. and Bennett, R.J. (eds) Quantitative Geography: A British View, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post Office (1985) ‘The postcode address file digest’, The Post Office, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raper, J., Rhind, D.W., and Shepherd, J. (1992) ‘Postcodes: The New Geography’, Longman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, A.H. (1982) Early Thematic Mapping in the history of Cartography. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pages 170–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, C.F. and MacCannell, E.H. (1955) ‘Basic problems, techniques and theory of isopleth mapping’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50, 220–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, J. (1854) On the mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, B.W. (1986) Density Estimation, Chapman and Hall: London.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (Thames), 40 Eastboume Terrace, W2 3QR, London, UK

    P. J. Atkinson

  2. Department of Geography, Birkbeck College, 7-15 Gressie Street, W1P 1PA, London, UK

    D. J. Unwin

Authors
  1. P. J. Atkinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. J. Unwin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Rostock, Germany

    Lothar Gierl  & Mathias Bull  & 

  2. University of Cambridge, UK

    Andrew D. Cliff

  3. Pierre-et-Marie-Curie University, Paris, France

    Alain-Jacques Valleron

  4. PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London, UK

    Paddy Farrington

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft Leipzig

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Atkinson, P.J., Unwin, D.J. (1998). The use of density estimation techniques in mapping the distribution of Hepatitis A. In: Gierl, L., Cliff, A.D., Valleron, AJ., Farrington, P., Bull, M. (eds) Geomed ’97. Informatik und Unternehmensführung. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-95397-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-95397-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-8154-2311-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-322-95397-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation