Abstract
In the last four decades, analyses of gender have produced entirely new fields of study and created deep transformations in traditional disciplines of scholarly inquiry. Whatever their orientation, these analyses share a recognition of historically prevalent inequities that place sharp limits on women’s access to knowledge, power, and wealth. Among social scientists, examinations of such inequities have shaped the debate about gender differences and assumptions that difference (actual or assumed) implies the superiority of what is male, or at least that what is male is normative.
The research reported in this paper was supported by grants to Mahzarin Banaji from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9422241 and SBR-9709924) and fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation and the Cattell Fund, and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship to Kristi Lamm. We thank Siri Carpenter and Richard Hackman for their helpful comments on a previous draft.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Banaji, M.R./C.D. Hardin (1996): Automatic stereotyping. In: Psychological Science 7. pp. 136–141.
Banaji, M.R./K.M. Lemm/S.J. Carpenter (in press): The social unconscious. In: Handbook of Social Psychology Ed. A. Tesser/N. Schwarz. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Biernat, M. (1989): Motives and values to achieve: Different constructs with different effects. In: Journal of Personality 57 (1). pp. 69–95.
Blair, I.V. (in press): Implicit stereotypes and prejudice. In: Future directions in social cognition. Ed. G. Moskowitz. Hillsdale, New York: Erlbaum.
Blair, I.V./M.R. Banaji (1996): Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (6). pp. 1142–1163.
Blair, I.V./J. Ma (1999): Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of automatic stereotypes through mental imagery. Unpublished manuscript. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
Broverman, I.K./S.R. Vogel/D.M. Broverman/F.E. Clarkson/P.S. Rosenkrantz (1972): Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal. In: Journal of Social Issues 28. pp. 59–77.
Burns-Glover, A.L./D.J. Veith (1995): Revisiting gender and teaching evaluations: Sex still makes a difference. In:Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 10 (6). pp. 69–80.
Butler, D./F.L. Geis (1990): Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations. In:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58. pp. 48–59.
Carpenter, S.J./M.R. Banaji (1997): Implicit and explicit attitudes toward female leaders. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
Carpenter, S.J./M.R. Banaji (1998a): Unpublished raw data Yale University.
Carpenter, S.J./M.R. Banaji (1998b): Implicit attitudes and behavior toward female leaders. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
Dasgupta, N./A.G. Greenwald (1999): Exposure to admired members of stigmatized groups reduces automatic negativity. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Eagly, A.H./M.G. Makhijani/B.G. Klonsky (1992): Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. In: Psychological Bulletin 111 (1). pp. 3–22.
Eagly, A H./A. Mladinic (1989): Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15. pp. 543–558.
Eagly, A.H./A. Mladinic/S. Otto (1991): Cognitive and affective bases of attitudes toward social groups and social policies. In:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 30. pp. 113–137.
Fernberger, S.W. (1948): Persistence of stereotypes concerning sex differences. In: Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 43. pp. 97–101.
Fiske, S.T./J. Xu/A.J. Cuddy/P. Glick (in press): Respect versus liking: Status and interdependence underlie ambivalent stereotypes. In: Journal of Social Issues
Glick, P./S.T. Fiske (1996): The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. In:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (3). pp. 491–512.
Goodwin, S./M.R. Banaji (1999): Gender and power: Evidence for an implicit personal/group discrimination discrepancy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
Greenwald, A.G./M.R. Banaji (1995): Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. In: Psychological Review 102. pp. 4–27.
Greenwald, A.G./D.E. McGhee/J.L.K. Schwartz (1998): Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (6). pp. 1464–1480.
Haddock, G./M.P. Zanna (1994): Preferring “housewives” to “feminists”. In: Psychology of Women Quarterly 18. pp. 25–52.
Heilman, M.E./C.J. Block/R.F. Martell (1995): Sex stereotypes: Do they influence perceptions of managers? In: Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 10 (6). pp. 237–252.
Jackman, M.R. (1994): The velvet glove Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
LaFrance, M./J.A. Woodzicka (1998): No laughing matter: Women’s verbal and nonverbal reactions to sexist humor. In:Prejudice: The target’s perspective. Eds. J.K. Swim/C. Stangor. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 61–80.
Latane, B./J. Rodin (1969): A lady in distress: Inhibiting effects of friends and strangers on bystander intervention. In:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 5. pp. 189–202.
Lemm, K.M./M.R. Banaji (1998): Implicit and explicit gender identity and attitudes toward gender. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
Lemm, K.M./M. Dabady/M.R. Banaji/J. Kluewer (1999): The influence of gendered language on thought. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
McClelland, D.C. (1985): How motives, skills, and values determine what people do. In: American Psychologist 40 (7). pp. 812–825.
McKee, J.P./A.C. Sherriffs (1957): The differential evaluation of males and females. In: Journal of Personality 25. pp. 356–371.
Mitchell, J./B.A. Nosek/M.R. Banaji (1999): Dissociated implicit attitudes: Examples from race, gender, and profession. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
Morawski, J.G. (1985/1998): The measurement of masculinity and femininity: Engendering categorical realities. In: The gender and psychology reader. Eds. B.M. Clinchy/J.K. Norem. New York: New York University Press, pp. 199–226.
Nosek, B.A./M.R. Banaji/A.G. Greenwald (1998): Me female, math = male, therefore math me. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
Nosek, B.A./C. Wang/M.R. Banaji (1998): Unpublished raw data. Yale University.
Rosenkrantz, R/S. Vogel/H. Bee/I. Broverman D. Broverman (1968): Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. In:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 33. pp. 287–295.
Rudman, L.A./P. Glick (1999): Implicit gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of managers Unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University.
Saris, R.N A Johnston/B. Lott (1995): Women as cues for men’s approach or distancing behavior: A study of interpersonal sexist discrimination. In: Sex Roles 33 (3–4). pp. 289–298.
Terman, L.M./C.C. Miles (1936): Sex and personality: Studies in masculinity and femininity. New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill.
Ware, R./J.J. Cooper-Studebaker (1989): Attitudes toward women as managers with regard to sex, education, woric, and marital status. In:Psychological Reports 65. pp. 347–350.
Werner, P.D./G.W. LaRussa (1985): Persistence and change in sex-role stereotypes. In: Sex Roles 12 (9- 10). pp. 1089–1100.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH, Opladen/Wiesbaden
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lemm, K., Banaji, M.R. (1999). Unconscious attitudes and beliefs about women and men. In: Pasero, U., Braun, F. (eds) Wahrnehmung und Herstellung von Geschlecht. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89014-6_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89014-6_18
Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
Print ISBN: 978-3-531-13379-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-322-89014-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive