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Concepts of Life and Death in Ancient China with a Discussion of the Problem of Burying

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Sterben und Tod Eine kulturvergleichende Analyse
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Summary

The paper covers the remote times to the later period, i.e., from the 22nd century B.C. to the end of the 18th century A.D. (from the Xia-Shang-Zhou-Dynasties to the Ming-Qing-Dynasties). For the content of the earlier period, the pictographic characters of life and death carved on the oracle bones of the Yin-Shang-Dynasties excavated from the Yin ruins, and the customs and institutions of burying the living with the dead, and the superstitious ideas about life and death are included. For the later periods, discussions and expaundings on the concept of life and death as well as the problem of burying and funeral ceremonies recorded in works of various sects and schools of philosophers, thinkers, physicians and politicians are presented. Looking far into the history of China, we see different concepts of life and death and different attitudes toward the problem of burying and funeral ceremonies. Confucius and his followers hold the idea of the “mandate of heaven” of life and death, advocating a luxurious burying and complicated funeral ceremonies. The Taoist School believes in an immortal life, holding different points of view with regard to life and death, and opposes that of the Confucianists. The Mohist School, the Songyan-Yiwen School, and not a few other philosophers and physicians such as Xun Zi, Yuan Tan, Wang Chung, Fang Then, Li Zhi, Zhang Jingyue, et al., hold that birth, age and death are natural processes, and most of them strongly oppose the expoundings that men will become ghosts or devils after death and the existence of soul. Some of them also strongly oppose the current customs of luxurious burying and complicated funeral ceremony. Some important medical literature such as the Huangdi Neijing (the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine) holds that contradiction between Yin and Yang forces is the motivating power promoting birth, growth, and development of all living beings, and that once this contradiction ceases, life will end. Other view points of life and death put forward by some famous physicians such as Yi He of the 6th century B.C., and Zhang Jing-yue of the Ming Dynasty are also included.

Zusammenfassung

Konzepte vom Leben und Sterben im alten China mit einer Dis-kussion der Bestattungsformen. — Eine Darstellung vom 22. vorschristlichen bis zum 18. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert zeigt verschiedene Konzepte über Leben und Sterben und Einstellungen gegenüber dem Problem des Begräbnisses. Aus frühester Zeit liegen bildliche Darstellungen auf Schildkrötenplatten und Knochen vor. Es gab in der Yin-Shang-Dynastie den Brauch, lebende Menschen mit den Toten zu begraben und viele abergläubische Vorstellungen über Leben und Tod. In späterer Zeit wurden Konzepte über Leben und Tod und Dis-kussionen über Begräbnisformen in den Werken verschiedener religiöser Sekten, Philosophen und Politiker niedergelegt. Konfuzius und seine Schüler befürworten luxuriöse Zeremonialbegräbnisse. Die Schule der Taoisten tritt für ein ewiges Leben ein und widerspricht den Konfuzionisten. Die Mohisten, die Song-yan-Yiwen Schule und eine Reihe von Philosphen und Ärzten betrachten Geburt, Alter und Tod als natürliche Prozesse und die meisten von ihnen sind gegen die Vorstellung, daß der Mensch nach dem Tode zu einem Geist würde und gegen die Vorstellung einer Seele. Einige von ihnen sind ebenfalls gegen luxuriöse Begräbnisbräuche. Einige wichtige Literaturquellen betrachten die Opposition von Yin und Yang als die Kräfte, die Geburt, Wachstum und Entwicklung alles Lebendigen verursachen. Wenn diese Opposition nicht mehr besteht, endet das Leben. Es gibt aber auch andere Gesichtspunkte.

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© 1986 Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden

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Ma, Kw. (1986). Concepts of Life and Death in Ancient China with a Discussion of the Problem of Burying. In: Sich, D., Figge, H.H., Hinderling, P. (eds) Sterben und Tod Eine kulturvergleichende Analyse. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-88770-2_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-88770-2_16

  • Publisher Name: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-528-07931-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-322-88770-2

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