Skip to main content

On the Effects of Marketing, Media Relations, and Public Relations: Images, Agendas, and Relationships

  • Chapter
Book cover Image und PR

Abstract

“Image” is a term that arouses great passions and great conflict among public relations practitioners and scholars in the United States. Like my former teacher, Scott Cutlip — who many have called the father of public relations education in the United States — I always have loathed the term. I never used the term “image” in my textbook, Managing Public Relations, unless I put it in quotation marks to suggest that I did not know what the term really means. For years, I have asked students not to use the term in my public relations classes. Whenever a Student would use the term in a paper or exam, I circled it with the comment, “Whatever that means!”

I loathe the word image and Kotler is an image devotee — he teils his readers and audiences that “image is the set of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that a person holds of an objeet.” My Webster’s teils me an “Image is a reproduetion or imitation of a person or thing.” If Kotler knew Latin, he would know image is derived from imitari — imitation. We in PR must be concerned with that good old-fashioned word, reputation — not image.

Scott M.Cutlip

Image is very important. What people think of your Company makes a great deal of difference.

Horst Avenarius

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, J. R. (1980). Cognitive psychology and its implications. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R. (1985). Cognitive psychology and its implications (2nd ed.) San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R., &Reder, L. M. (1979). An elaborative processing explanation of depth of processing. In L. S. Cermak &F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 385–403). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avenarius, H. (1990, December). Remark made at the Conference, Is Public Relations a Science? Sponsored by the Herbert Quandt Stiftung, Salzburg, Austria. Baskin, O. W., &Aronoff, C. E. (1988). Public relations: The profession and the practice (2nd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernays, E. L. (1977). Down with Image, Up with Reality. Public Relations Quarterly 22(1), 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, K. E. (1956). The Image. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom, G. M. (1977). Coorientational measurement of public issues. Public Relations Review, 3(4), 110–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, J. J. (1988). Promotion management: A Strategie approach (2nd ed.). St Paul, MN: West.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B. (Ed.)(1956). Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, R. F. (1979). A journalistic cybernetic. In K. Krippendorff (Ed.), Communication and control in society (pp. 475–487). New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chajet, C, &Shachtman (1991). Image by design: From corporate vision to business reality. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciavier, D. E., &Wright, D. K. (1987). Research. In C. Degan (Ed.), Communicators guide to marketing: International Association of Business Communicators (pp. 15–30). New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornoldi, C, &McDaniel, M. A. (Eds.), Imagery and Cognition. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craik, F. I. M. (1979). Levels of processing: Overview and closing comments. In L. S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cermak &F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 447–461).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Craik, F. I. M. &Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutlip, S. M. (1991). Cutlip teils of heroes and goats encountered in 55-year PR career.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dwyer’s PR Services Report 5(5), 12, 51–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denis, M. (1991). Imagery and thinking. In C. Cornoldi &M. A. McDaniel (Eds.), Imagery and Cognition (pp. 103–132). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilenschneider, R. L. (1990). Power and influence. New York: Prentice-Hall Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, J. F.; Blackwell, R. D.; &Miniard, P. W. (1986). Consumer behavior (5th ed.). Chicago: Dryden Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, M. A. (1984, August). Building theory in public relations: Interorganizational relationships. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Gainesville, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, M., &Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief attitude, Intention, and behavior. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., &Linville, P. W. (1980). What does the Schema coneept buy us? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 543–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandy, O. H., Jr. (1982). Beyond agenda setting: Information subsidies and public policy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giacalone, R. A., &Rosenfeld, P. (1989). Impression management in organizations: An overview. In R. A. Giacalone &P. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Impression management in the Organization (pp. 1–4). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giacalone, R. A., &Rosenfeld, P. (Eds.)(1989), Impression management in the Organization Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giacalone, R. A., &Rosenfeld (Eds.)(1991). Applied Impression management: How image-making affects managerial decisions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleitman, H. (1987). Basicpsychology (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of seif in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the Organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary Statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graber, D. A. (1984). Processing the news. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunig, J. E., &Grunig, L. A. (1989). Toward a theory of the public relations behavior of organizations: Review of a program of research. Public Relations Research Annual, 1, 27–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunig, J. E., &Childers (aka Hon), L. (1988, August). Reconstruction of a situational theory of communication: Internal and external concepts as identifiers of publics for AIDS. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunig, J. E., &Hunt, T. (1984). Managing public relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunig, J. E.; Ramsey, S.; &Schneider (aka Grunig), L. A. (1985). An axiomatic theory of Cognition and writing. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 15, 95–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunig, J. E., &Stamm, K. R. (1973). Communication and coorientation of collectivities. American Behavioral Scientist, 16, 567–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunig, J. E., &White, J. (1991, August). The effect ofworld view on public relations theory and practice. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberman, D. A., &Dolphin, H. A. (1988). Public relations: The necessary art. Arnes, IA: Iowa State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, T. M.; Stephen, T. D.; Husson, W.; &Fehr, B. J. (1991). Images versus issues in the 1984 presidential election. Human Communication Research, 18, 209–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, R. L., &Toth, E. L. (Eds.)(1992). Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M. J. (1978). Image formation and Cognition. New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inf ante, D. A.; Rancer, A. S.; &Womack, D. E. (1990). Building communication theory. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, K. H., &Campbell, K. K. (1992). The interplay of influence (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing management (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., &Andreasen, A. R. (1987). Strategie marketing for nonproflt organizations (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., &Armstrong, G. (1991). Principles of marketing (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., &Roberto, E. L. (1989). Social marketing. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, G. E., &Lang, K. (1983). The battle for public opinion: The president, the press, and public opinion during Watergate. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippincott, J. (1991, Sept.25). Letter to Melody Simmons ofThe Baltimore Evening Sun.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littlejohn, S. W. (1989). Theories ofhuman communication (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, C. H., &Weinberg, C. B. (1984). Marketing for public and nonprofit managers.New York: John Wiley &Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyra, A. (1991). Public relations in Greece: Models, wies, and gender. Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marken, G. A. (1990). Corporate image -We all have one, but few work to protect and project it. Public Relations Quarterly, 35(1), 21–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markin, R. J. (1969). The psychology of consumer behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, M., &Zajonc, R. B. (1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In G. Lindsey &E. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. l)(pp. 137–230). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, J. M., &Chaffee, S. H. (1973). Interpersonal approaches to communication re-search. American Behavioral Scientist, 16, 469–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moberg, D. J. (1989). The ethics of impression management. In R. A. Giacalone &P. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Impression management in the Organization (pp. 171–188). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, M. A. (1991, November). A cultural studies, ethnographic approach toward under-standing the articulation of corporate image: A case study of State Farm Insurance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paper presented to the Speech Communication Association, Atlanta. Murphy, P. (1991). The limits of symmetry: A game theory approach to Symmetrie and asymmetric public relations. Public Relations Research Annual, 3, 115–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickels, W. G. (1982). Marketingprinciples (2nd ed.) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinn, O.T. C, &Faber, R. J. (1991). Mass communication and consumer behavior. In T. S. Robertson &H. H. Kassarjian (Eds.), Handbook of consumer behavior (pp. 349– 400). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olins, W. (1978). The corporate personality: An inquiry into the nature of corporate identity. New York: Mayflower Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlik, J. V. (1983). The ejfects of two health Information campaigns on the complexity of cognitive strueture: An Information processing approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petty, R. E. &Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Attitudes and persuasion: classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petty, R. E., &Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Spring-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (1978). Organizational design. Arlington Heights, IL: AHM. pr reporter (1990, Jury 30). Behavioral model replacing communication model as basic theoretical underpinning of pr practice: Key is stimulating latent readiness &creating triggering events.

    Google Scholar 

  • D. L., &McCombs (Eds.)(1991). Agenda setting: Readings on media, public opinion, andpolicymaking. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, J. W., Jr. (Ed.)(1963). The Corporation and itspublics: Essays on the corporate image. New York: John Wiley &Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, T. S., &Kassarjian, H. H. (Eds.)(1991), Handbook of consumer behavior (pp. 349–400). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. A.; Osgood, D. W.; &Peterson, C. (1979). Cognitive structure: Theory and measurement ofindividual differences. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, M. (1991). U. ofM. targets a new image, The Baltimore Evening Sun, September 24, B1–B2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. J. (1982). Persuasion and human action. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sndyer, M., &Copeland, J. (1989). Self-monitoring processes in organizational settings. In R. A. Giacalone &P. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Impression management in the Organization (pp. 7–19). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sriramesh, K. (1991). The impact of societal culture on public relations: An ethnographic study of south Indian organizations, unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanSlyke Turk, J. (1986). Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news. Journalism Monographs No. 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe, G. D. (1963). The social dynamics of corporation-public relationships: A model and a parable. In J. W. Riley, Jr. (Ed.), The Corporation and its publics: Essays on the corporate image (pp. 12–23). New York: John Wiley &Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wouters, J. (1991). International public relations: How to establish your Company’s product, service, and image inforeign markets. New York: AMACON.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Wolfgang Armbrecht Horst Avenarius Ulf Zabel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH, Opladen

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grunig, J.E. (1993). On the Effects of Marketing, Media Relations, and Public Relations: Images, Agendas, and Relationships. In: Armbrecht, W., Avenarius, H., Zabel, U. (eds) Image und PR. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85729-3_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85729-3_16

  • Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-531-12466-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-322-85729-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics