Abstract
Before we analyze convertible bonds in detail, it is useful to first gain an overview of the convertible bond market and the corresponding market usance. Therefore, the main focus of this section is to consider both the development of the German convertible bond market and the prevalent characteristics of the traded bonds. For this purpose, we consider 61 convertible bonds which were issued in the German convertible bond market in the period from 1952 to 2000. The data set consists of all those convertible bonds which are contained in the “Mannheimer Anleihedatenbank”1 which is part of the Deutsche Finanz-Datenbank.
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References
See Wolf (1999).
See Bohn (2001), p. 111.
See Bank for International Settlements (2001).
See Calamos (1998), p. 25.
See Ingersoll (1977a), Butler (2002), and Kwok/Wu (2000).
See Asquith (1995), Asquith/Mullins (1991), Constantinides/Grundy (1987), Dunn/Eades (1989), Harris/Raviv (1985), Ingersoll (1977b), Jalan/Barone-Adesi (1995), King/Mauer (2000), and Mauer (1993).
See e.g. Bechmann (2000), Bhabra/Lee/Patel (1997), Byrd/Moore (1994, 1996), Datta/Iskandar-Datta (1996), Ederington/Goh (2001), Kim/Kallberg (1998), and Mikkelson (1981).
See Merton (1973).
See Brennan/Schwartz (1988), p. 55, Nyborg (1996), p. 182–183, Pilcher (1955), p. 59, Billingsley/Smith (1996), p. 94, Broman (1963), p. 74–75, Heubel (1983), p. 75, and Nyborg (1995), p. 358.
See Pilcher (1955), p. 62, Brigham (1966), p. 51, Fabozzi/Pollack (1987), p. 454, Ross/Westerfield (1988), p. 542, and Ross/Westerfield/Jordan (1991).
See Brennan/Schwartz (1988) and Lewis/Rogalski/Seward (1998b), p. 45.
See Pilcher (1955), p. 80, Brigham (1966), p. 51, and Fabozzi/Pollack (1987), p. 452–453.
Isagawa (2000) alternatively stresses the ability of convertible bonds to reduce under-investment costs same as over-investment costs in a framework with managers that have both empire-building tendencies and fears of default.
See Jensen/Meckling (1976).
See Ingersoll (1977a), p. 302, Spatt/Sterbenz (1993), p. 514, and Fischer/Zechner (1990).
Chesney/ Gibson-Asner (2001) show in a model with a default barrier for the firm value that it always exists a finite optimal volatility of the firm value that maximizes the stock value.
See Green (1984), p. 124. However, Lewis/Rogalski/Seward (2002) find empirical evidence that the volatility of the total firm value increases following a convertible bond issue.
Schmitt/Spaeter (2001) relate a higher firm value risk to fewer environmental protection arrangements implemented by the firm. With a similar argumentation, they can show that with convertible bonds the firm optimally chooses a lower risk level and more pollution control. Therefore, convertible bonds can represent an instrument to increase the social welfare resulting from the lower environmental pollution.
See Brennan/Schwartz (1988), p. 59.
Welcker (1968a, 1968b) stresses the attractiveness of convertible bonds if investors have heterogeneous beliefs, i.e. investors might agree upon the expectation of the future firm value, but differ regarding the volatility of the firm value. Then, some investors might be willing to pay more for a convertible bond than other investors, where the other investors have a higher reservation price for a stock. As a consequence, the realizable proceeds from selling convertible bonds and stocks to those investors with the highest reservation prices can be higher than the proceeds from selling straight portions of the whole firm value to these investors. However, this argument requires incomplete markets.
See also Bagella/Becchetti (1998), Brennan/Kraus (1987), and Kim (1990). In line with theory, Lewis/Rogalski/Seward (1999), p. 20, provide evidence that convertible bond issuers face relatively high debt- and equity-related financing costs, such that a standard security choice like straight debt or equity is unlikely to raise capital on the most advantageous terms. In particular, the risk incentive conflict and the asymmetric information problem play a prominent role in the way that corporate managers design convertible bonds as Lewis/Rogalski/Seward (1998a), p. 57, show.
See also Abhyankar/Dunning (1999), Brennan/Her (1995), Fields/Mais (1991), Bhabra/Patel (1996), Wolve/Daliakopoulos (1999), Kim/Stulz (1992), Herzog (1992), and Davidson/Glascock/Schwarz (1995).
See Gompers (1997).
See also D’Souza (2000).
See also Bell (2000), p. 194–195.
See Bascha (1998).
According to Long/Sefcik (1990), p. 31, the average issue costs of a convertible bond are 3.4%. However, the corresponding costs of a straight bond and stock issue are at about 1% and between 4 and 15%, respectively, as shown by Baskin (1989), p. 27.
See Pilcher, p. 85.
See Emanuel (1983), p. 221.
See Pilcher (1955), p. 90.
See Brigham (1966), p. 51, and Bohn (2002), p. 112.
See Pilcher (1955), p. 83.
See Welcker (1968a), p. 19. In this age in which these two approaches were developed, standard noarbitrage option-pricing techniques were not established. To gain an intuitive quantity that is relevant for the current market value of convertible bonds, the authors consider the current expectation of the convertible bond value at maturity.
This representation corresponds to that given by Welcker (1968a), p. 19. The required arrangements of terms is presented by Welcker (1968a), p. 16.
See also Uhlir (1976), p. 13–14.
Zhu/Sun (1999) present another numerical method that is especially well-suited for the pricing of convertible bonds.
See Brennan/Schwartz (1980).
The ability of the structural approaches to explain market prices of convertible bonds is analyzed by various studies e.g. King (1986), Carayannopoulos (1996), Ammann/Kind/Wilde (2001, 2003), and Bohn (2001). In general, these models tend to overprice convertible bonds especially if their conversion value lies deeply below their face value.
See Goldman Sachs (1994) or Tsiveriotis/Fernandes (1998).
See e.g. Stanton (1995). In this model, a similar framework with mortgage holders facing heterogenous transaction costs is adapted to the pricing of mortgage backed securities.
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Koziol, C. (2004). Convertible Bonds: Markets, Motives, and Traditional Valuation. In: Valuation of Convertible Bonds when Investors Act Strategically. Beiträge zur betriebswirtschaftlichen Forschung, vol 110. Deutscher Universitätsverlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-82016-7_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-82016-7_2
Publisher Name: Deutscher Universitätsverlag
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