The role of sodium exclusion for the osmotic potential in the rhizosphere. Comparison of two maize cultivars differing in Na⁺ uptake

Abstract

According to the biphasic model of growth response to salinity, growth is first reduced by a decrease in the soil osmotic potential (Ψ_∘), i.e. growth reduction is an effect of salt outside rather than inside the plant and genotypes differing in salt resistance respond identically in this first phase. However, if genotypes differ in Na⁺ uptake as it has been described for the two maize cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Across 8023, this should result in differences in Na⁺ concentrations in the rhizosphere soil solution and thus in the concentration of salt outside the plant. It was the aim of the present investigation to test this hypothesis and to investigate the effect of such potential differences in soil Ψ_∘ caused by Na⁺ exclusion on plant water relations. Sodium exclusion at the root surface of intact plants growing in soil was investigated by sampling soil solution from the rhizosphere of two maize cultivars. Plants were grown in a model system, consisting of a root compartment separated from the bulk soil compartment by a nylon net (30 μm mesh size), which enabled independent measurements of the change of soil solution composition and soil water content with increasing distance from the root surface (nylon net).

Across 8023 accumulated higher amounts of sodium in the shoot compared to the excluder (Pioneer 3906). The lower Na⁺ uptake in the excluder was partly compensated by higher K⁺ uptake. Pioneer 3906 not only excluded sodium from the shoot but also restricted sodium uptake more efficiently from roots relative to Across 8023. This was reflected by higher Na⁺ concentration in the rhizosphere soil solution of the excluder 34 days after planting. The difference in Na⁺ concentration in rhizosphere soil solution between cultivars was neither due to differences in transpiration and thus in mass flow, nor due to differences in actual soil water content. As the lower Na⁺ uptake of the excluder (Pioneer 3906) was only partly compensated by increased uptake of K⁺, soil Ψ_∘ in the rhizosphere of the excluder was more negative compared to Across 8023. However, no significant negative effect of decreased soil Ψ_∘ on plant water relations (transpiration rate, leaf Ψ_∘, leaf water potential, leaf area) could be detected. This may be explained by the fact that significant differences in soil Ψ_∘ between the two cultivars occurred only towards the end of the experiment (27 DAP, 34 DAP).