Abstract
This chapter is a short survey—in table form—concerning clinical types of infections, the most important microbes in medicine, recommended methods to isolate patients with infections and recommended use of personal protective equipment.
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1 Isolation at Risk of Spread of Infection
Infection type | Isolation type | Personal protective equipment—PPE | ||
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1. | All gastroenteritis cases | CA | Gloves | Gown, mask, capa,b |
Clostridium difficile a | C(A) | Gloves | Gown, mask, capa,b | |
Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter | C(A) | Gloves | Gown, mask, capa,b | |
Campylobacter, Cholerae, intestinal-pathogenic E. coli | C(A) | Gloves | Gown, mask, capa,b | |
Entero-haemorrhagic E. coli—EHEC | C + A | Gloves | Gown, mask, capa,b | |
Virus gastroenteritis (Noro, Rota, sapo, etc.)a,b | C + A | Gloves | Gown, mask, capa,b | |
2. | Hepatitis A or E | C + B | Gloves | Gownb |
3. | Staphylococcus aureus in wounds or eczema | C | Gloves | Gownb |
4. | Streptococcus group A in the throat, skin or wounds | C | Gloves | Gownb |
5. | Skin and wound infections, moderate secretion | C | Gloves | Gownb |
6. | Gram-negative Bacilli with copious secretion from respiratory tract or wounds | C | Gloves | Gownb |
7. | Corynebacterium jeikeium, Staphylococcus haemolyticus (only during nosocomial epidemics) | C | Gloves | Gownb |
8. | Poliomyelitis | C(A) | Gloves | Gownb |
9. | Untreated scab and lice | C | Gloves | Gownb |
10. | Other diseases which are transmitted through contact (e.g. tuberculosis in the intestines, urinary tract or in wounds or fistula) | C | Gloves | Gownb |
11. | HIV/AIDS uncomplicated and other blood-borne infectious viruses such as HTLV I and II and parvovirus B19 | B + C(wound/mucosa) | Gloves | Gownb |
12. | Hepatitis, acute (unknown cause) | C + B | Gloves | Gownb |
Hepatitis, chronic (unknown cause) | B | Gloves | Gownb | |
Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, G | B + C | Gloves | Gownb | |
13. | Malaria falciparum, Brucella, yellow fever | B | Gloves | Gownb |
14. | Suspected active pulmonary tuberculosis | A + C | Gloves | Gown,b resp., cap, shoesa |
15. | Ornithosis, tularemi | A + C | Gloves | Gownb, resp., cap, goggles/visor |
16. | Pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus | A + C | Gloves | Gown,b mask, cap |
17. | RSV, influenza and other airborne viruses | A + C | Gloves | Gown,b mask, cap |
18. | Varicella-zoster, measles, parotitis, rubella, pertussis | A + C | Gloves | Gown,b resp., cap |
19. | Herpes simplex in newborns, in child and maternity wards | A + C | Gloves | Gown,b mask, cap |
20. | Systemic infection with: Meningococci, group A Streptococci, Pneumococci; first 24 hours after initial effective treatment | A + C | Gloves | Gown,b mask, cap |
21. | Imported patientsc (suspected MRSA or other resistant microbes until test results are negative)c | A + C | Gloves | Gown,b mask, cap |
22. | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—MRSA (recently or in the last year) | A + C | Gloves | Gown,b mask, cap |
23. | Other multiresistant bacteria (penicillin-resistant pneumococci, multiresistant enterococci, some multiresistant, gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter, Burkholderia cepacia, ESBL—E. coli mm). Airborne transmission isolation is determined in relation to the infection type and symptomsd | Ad+C | Gloves | Gown,b mask, cap |
24. | Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, open cavern and expectoration (first 14 days after initial treatment and on resistance—3 months or more) | SI | Gloves | Microbe impermeable gown,b resp., cap, shoesa |
25. | Rare severe diseases (diphtheria, rabies, plague, anthrax, viral haemorrhagic fever, SARS, MERS, avian influenza—See also special guidelines) | SI | Gloves | Microbe impermeable gown,b resp., cap, hood, goggles, shoesa |
Any other contagious and very serious diseases that may be transmitted by contact and air (including droplet) | PPE—Emergency boxe |
1.1 Isolation Type (See Also Separate Regimes)
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C = contact isolation; isolate or single room.
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B = blood-borne and tissue transmission; single room preferred.
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A = airborne transmission, including droplets and contact transmission. (A) may be airborne in certain situations with excessive spills, vomiting, uncontrolled secretion, etc. Isolate with sluice and a separate bathroom (entrance from the patients room) with decontaminator machine. Defined and controlled negative air pressure—separate air supply and hepafiltered exhaust. If shortage: a single room with anteroom and a separate bathroom.
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SI = strict isolation; air + droplets + contact + blood. Isolate with sluice and a separate bathroom (entrance from the patient’s room) with decontaminator or autoclave (throughput). Defined and controlled negative pressure relative to the corridor, separate air supply and hepafiltered exhaust.
1.2 PPE:—Most Used—with Different Combinations, According To Isolation Type
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Gloves: high-quality gloves with long “cuff” to cover the wrists (often use of double).
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Gown with cuff (water preventing coat) or microbe impermeable, waterproof gown or coverall with hood (barrier against most bacteria and virus and water impermeable for a defined period).
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Cap- surgical cap that covers hair and ears; always use cap if wearing mask/respirator.
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Mask—surgical; always use together with cap.
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Visor—large (against direct splatter); always use together with cap.
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Respirator—resp. mask: P3, N95, waterproof, with hepafilter against airborne and droplet transmission.
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Shoe/leg covers or room-bound waterproof shoes (that can be decontaminated at 85 °C or autoclaved or single use).
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Goggles: large (tight-sitting); placed outside the surgical cap or the hood (can be decontaminated).
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Hood—microbe impermeable that covers the surgical cap and the respirator mask on place and covers the neck down to shoulders (P3 level).
P3—level of protection: tight-fitting, waterproof respirator mask with hepafilter, eventually portable respirator and PPE corresponding to the isolation type.
PPE—emergency box: equipment for two to eight persons, stored at certain acute-care areas.
The box is pre-packed and contains respirator mask (P3), cap, hood, gown with cuffs (or coveralls with hoods), large goggles, waterproof shoe covers/overshoes and two pairs of high-quality gloves with long cuffs. Use only after consultation with hospital infection control personnel. Regular control and upgrading of the boxes, see chapters concerning high-risk infectious disease preparedness.
Prion disease is not included—see separate section Chap. 55.
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Andersen, B.M. (2019). Microbes, Transmission and Protection. In: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_14
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