Abstract
The array of emergency drugs appropriate for a general dental practice is relatively simple, although additional antidotal drugs may be required in practices in which oral and/or parenteral sedation may be employed. The use of drugs in emergencies always requires effective blood circulation and should be conservative (Rech et al., Ann Emerg Med 70(2):203–11, 2017). Regardless of the final composition of a dental drug emergency kit, the practitioner and other members of the dental team must be capable of administering an emergency drug by its proper route of administration. Because many dental practices are not equipped or trained for intravenous fluid and drug administration, some emergency drugs may be administered via “simpler” routes, such as sublingual, which are not based on scientific evidence and which, in most cases, result in less-than-optimal responses. There is little evidence for the efficacy of emergency drugs from randomized controlled trials involving human subjects due to obvious ethical limitations, and new evidence has challenged conventional teaching about the management of acute coronary syndrome. Therefore, unlike other categories of drugs covered in this book, systematic reviews of emergency drugs are included here, but they typically do not provide high-level, consistent evidence for their use. However, most of the agents covered in this chapter have been validated over many years of medical use based on outcomes generally reported as retrospective reviews, case reports, or case series.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American Heart Association. Advanced cardiovascular life support. Provider manual. Chicago, IL: American Heart Association; 2016. p. 2.
Appleton R, Macleod S, Martland T. Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD001905.
Barstow C, McDivitt JD. Cardiovascular disease update: bradyarrhythmias. FP Essent. 2017;454:18–23.
Brigo F, Nardone R, Tezzon F, Trinka E. Nonintravenous midazolam versus intravenous or rectal diazepam for the treatment of early status epilepticus: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;49:325–36.
Chime NO, Riese VG, Scherzer DJ, Perretta JS, McNamara L, Rosen MA, Hunt EA. Epinephrine auto-injector versus drawn up epinephrine for anaphylaxis management: a scoping review. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18:764–9.
Choo KJ, Simons FE, Sheikh A. Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD007596.
Chou R, Korthuis PT, McCarty D, Coffin PO, Griffin JC, Davis-O’Reilly C, Grusing S, Daya M. Management of suspected opioid overdose with naloxone in out-of-hospital settings: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(12):867–75.
Cornelius BW. Patients with type 2 diabetes: anesthetic management in the ambulatory setting: part 2: pharmacology and guidelines for perioperative management. Anesth Prog. 2017;64(1):39–44.
Corrigan M, Wilson S, Hampton J. Safety and efficacy of intranasally administered drugs in the emergency department and prehospital settings. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2015;72(18):1544–54.
Deal N. Evaluation and management of bradydysrhythmias in the emergency department. Emerg Med Pract. 2013;15(9):1–15.
Evert AB. Treatment of mild hypoglycemia. Diabetes Spectr. 2014;27(1):58–62.
Green RH. Asthma in adults (acute). Brit Med J Clin Evid. 2011;2011:1513.
Husband AC, Crawford S, McCoy LA, Pacaud D. The effectiveness of glucose, sucrose, and fructose in treating hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11(3):154–8.
Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Bogner V, Stegmaier J, Mutschler W, Kanz KG, Braunstein V. Is the intraosseous access route fast and efficacious compared to conventional central venous catheterization in adult patients under resuscitation in the emergency department? A prospective observational pilot study. Patient Saf Surg. 2009;3(1):24.
LoVerde D, Iweala OI, Eginli A, Krishnawamy G. Anaphylaxis. Chest. 2018;153(2):528–43.
McCarthy CP, Donnellan E, Wasfy JH, Bhatt DL, McEvoy JW. Time-honored treatments for the initial management of acute coronary syndromes: challenging the status quo. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2017;27:483–91.
Mula M. New non-intravenous routes for benzodiazepines in epilepsy: a clinician perspective. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(1):11–7.
Rech MA, Barbas B, Chaney W, Greenhalgh E, Turck C. When to pick the nose: out-of-hospital and emergency department intranasal administration of medications. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70(2):203–11.
Reynard C, Body R. 15 a clinical decision tool for prescribing anti-platelet medication with suspected acute coronary syndrome (PAM). Emerg Med J. 2017;34(12):A870–1.
Rosenberg M. Preparing for medical emergencies. The essential drugs and equipment for the dental office. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141(5 suppl):14S–9S.
Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SGA, Simons FER. Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006312.
Silbergeit R, Lowenstein D, Durkalski V, Conwit R, NETT Investigators. Lessons from the RAMPART study—and which is the best route of administration of benzodiazepines in status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2013;54(Suppl. 6):74–7.
Tomassoni AJ, Hawk KF, Jubanyik K, Nogee DP, Durant T, Lynch KL, Patel R, Dinh D, Ulrich A, D’Onofrio G. Multiple fentanyl overdoses—New Haven, Connecticut, June 23, 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(4):107–11.
Vaccine Administration. Centers for disease control and prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine/pubs/pinkbook/vac.
Villani M, de Courten B, Zoungas S. Emergency treatment of hypoglycaemia: a guideline and evidence review. Diabet Med. 2017;34(9):1205–11.
Weaver JM. The fallacy of a lifesaving sublingual injection of flumazenil. Anesth Prog. 2011;58:1–2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jeske, A.H. (2019). Basic Emergency Drugs and Non-intravenous Routes of Administration. In: Jeske, A. (eds) Contemporary Dental Pharmacology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99852-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99852-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99851-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99852-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)