Abstract
An innovative methodology has recently been developed by the authors of this study for geopolymer formulations for the requirements and demands of commercially available powder-based 3D printers. In this study, the formulation is extended to conventional Portland cement to expand the scope of printable materials that can be used in the commercially available powder-based 3D printers for construction applications. A Portland cement-based powder composed of Portland cement, amorphous calcium aluminate and fine silica sand was developed for powder-based 3D printing process. Effects of different printing parameters including binder saturation level (100%, 135% and 170%) and shell to core ratio (1:1 and 1:2) on dimensional accuracy and compressive strength of the green specimens have been investigated. A compressive strength of up to 8.4 MPa was achieved for the ‘green’ 3D printed samples before any post-processing process. The results indicated that the increase in the binder saturation level and the change in the Shell/Core ratio from 1:1 to 1:2 significantly increased the compressive strength, but considerably reduced the linear dimensional accuracy of the green samples. The compressive strength and linear dimensional accuracy of the green samples exhibited an anisotropic behavior, depending on the testing direction.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wohlers, T.: Wohlers Report 2016. Wohlers Associates Inc., Fort Collins (2016)
Nematollahi, B., Xia, M., Sanjayan, J.: In current progress of 3D concrete printing technologies. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), Taipei (2017)
Nematollahi, B., Vijay, P., Sanjayan, J., Xia, M., Nerella, V.N., Mechtcherine, V.: Fresh and hardened properties of extrusion-based 3D printed geopolymer for construction applications. Materials (under review)
Nematollahi, B., Xia, M., Sanjayan, J.: Effect of type of fiber on inter-layer bond and flexural strengths of extrusion-based 3D printed geopolymer. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Materials (ICAMM), Tokyo (2018)
Cesaretti, G., Dini, E., De Kestelier, X., Colla, V., Pambaguian, L.: Building components for an outpost on the Lunar Soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology. Acta Astronaut. 93, 430–450 (2014)
Rael, R., San Fratello, V.: Developing concrete polymer building components for 3D printing. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA), Banff (2011)
Nematollahi, B., Sanjayan, J., Shaikh, F.U.A.: Synthesis of heat and ambient cured one-part geopolymer mixes with different grades of sodium silicate. Ceram. Int. 41, 5696–5704 (2015)
Xia, M., Sanjayan, J.: Method of formulating geopolymer for 3D printing for construction applications. Mater. Des. 110, 382–390 (2016)
Xia, M., Sanjayan, J.: Post-processing methods for improving strength of geopolymer produced using 3D printing technique. In: International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Systems, ICACMS, Chennai (2017)
Xia, M., Nematollahi, B., Sanjayan, J.: Printability, accuracy and strength of fly ash/slag geopolymer made using powder-based 3D printing for construction applications. Autom. Constr. (under review)
Xia, M., Nematollahi, B., Sanjayan, J.: Influence of binder saturation level on compressive strength and dimensional accuracy of powder-based 3D printed geopolymer. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Materials (ICAMM), Tokyo (2018)
Biernacki, J.J., Bullard, J.W., Sant, G., Brown, K., Glasser, F.P., Jones, S., Ley, T., Livingston, R., Nicoleau, L., Olek, J., Sanchez, F., Shahsavari, R., Stutzman, P.E., Sobolev, K., Prater, T.: Cements in the 21st century: challenges, perspectives, and opportunities. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 100(7), 2746–2773 (2017)
Gibbons, G.J., Williams, R., Purnell, P., Farahi, E.: 3D printing of cement composites. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 109(5), 287–290 (2010)
Maier, A.-K., Dezmirean, L., Will, J., Greil, P.: Three-dimensional printing of flash-setting calcium aluminate cement. J. Mater. Sci. 46(9), 2947–2954 (2010)
Suwanprateeb, J., Sanngam, R., Panyathanmaporn, T.: Influence of raw powder preparation routes on properties of hydroxyapatite fabricated by 3D printing technique. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 30(4), 610–617 (2010)
Castilho, M., Gouveia, B., Pires, I., Rodrigues, J., Pereira, M.: The role of shell/core saturation level on the accuracy and mechanical characteristics of porous calcium phosphate models produced by 3D printing. Rapid Prototyp. J. 21(1), 43–55 (2015)
Fielding, G.A., Bandyopadhyay, A., Bose, S.: Effects of silica and zinc oxide doping on mechanical and biological properties of 3D printed tricalcium phosphate tissue engineering scaffolds. Dent. Mater. 28(2), 113–122 (2012)
Shanjani, Y., Hu, Y., Pilliar, R.M., Toyserkani, E.: Mechanical characteristics of solid-freeform-fabricated porous calcium polyphosphate structures with oriented stacked layers. Acta Biomater. 7(4), 1788–1796 (2011)
Stopp, S., Wolff, T., Irlinger, F., Lueth, T.: A new method for printer calibration and contour accuracy manufacturing with 3D-print technology. Rapid Prototyp. J. 14(3), 167–172 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 RILEM
About this paper
Cite this paper
Xia, M., Nematollahi, B., Sanjayan, J. (2019). Compressive Strength and Dimensional Accuracy of Portland Cement Mortar Made Using Powder-Based 3D Printing for Construction Applications. In: Wangler, T., Flatt, R. (eds) First RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication – Digital Concrete 2018. DC 2018. RILEM Bookseries, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99519-9_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99519-9_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99518-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99519-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)