Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Micro to MACRO Mathematical Modelling in Soil Mechanics pp 1–9Cite as

Birkhäuser

Stiffness of Destructured Weak Carbonate Rock

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

  • 1250 Accesses

Part of the book series: Trends in Mathematics ((TM))

Abstract

The stiffness of destructured chalk, a silt-sized soft biomicrite, has been investigated using undrained triaxial tests equipped with bender elements (BE). The effects of potential fabric anisotropy on the BE-measured vertical small strain shear modulus (Gv0) has been assessed by testing remoulded material produced from parent chalks of different characteristics, and by reconstituting specimens at different moisture contents. The role of stress-induced anisotropy has been evaluated by consolidating specimens in either isotropic or one-dimensional conditions. Results revealed that the mean effective stress (p′) is the dominant parameter affecting Gv0, potentially due to the limited role of grain rearrangement and breakage during first-loading compression of fine-sized granular materials. Moderate effects on Gv0 were associated with inherent and induced anisotropy. At larger strains, stiffness degradation was found to be markedly non-linear, and degradation rates were most affected by the state of the material.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The term ‘involuntary’ is here used to differentiate from, for example, the deliberate crushing of weak rock to use as fill.

References

  1. Coop, M.R., Atkinson, J.H.: The mechanics of cemented carbonate sands. Géotechnique. 43, 53–67 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Carter, J.P., Airey, D.W., Fahey, M.: A review of laboratory testing of calcareous soils. In: Al-Shafei, K.A. (ed.) Engineering for Calcareous Sediments—Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, Bahrain, pp. 401–431. AA Balkema, Rotterdam (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Clayton, C.R.I., Serratrice, J.F.: General report session 2: the mechanical properties and behaviour of hard soils and soft rocks. In: Anagnostopoulos, A., et al. (eds.) Geotechnical Engineering of Hard Soils—Soft Rocks, pp. 1839–1877. AA Balkema, Rotterdam (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lord, J.A., Clayton, C.R.I., Mortimore, R.N.: CIRIA Report C 574: Engineering in Chalk. Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA), London (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ziogos, A., Brown, M., Ivanovic, A., Morgan, N.: Chalk-steel interface testing for marine energy foundations. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 170, 285–298 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dührkop, J., Augustesen, A.H., Barbosa, P.: Cyclic pile load tests combined with laboratory results to design offshore wind turbine foundations in chalk. In: Meyer, V. (ed.) Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III—Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium Oslo, Norway, pp. 533–538. CRC, London (2015)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Mitchell, J.K., Soga, K.: Fundamentals of Soil Behavior. Wiley, Hoboken (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Clayton, C.R.I.: Stiffness at small strain: research and practice, the 50th Rankine lecture. Géotechnique. 61, 5–37 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Viggiani, G., Atkinson, J.H.: Stiffness of fine-grained soil at very small strains. Géotechnique. 45, 249–265 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jovičić, V., Coop, M.R.: Stiffness of coarse-grained soils at small strains. Géotechnique. 47, 545–561 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bellotti, R., Jamiolkowski, M., Lo Presti, D.C.F., O’Neill, D.A.: Anisotropy of small strain stiffness in Ticino sand. Géotechnique. 46, 115–131 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Fioravante, V.: Anisotropy of small strain stiffness of Ticino and Kenya sands from seismic wave propagation measured in triaxial testing. Soils Found. 40, 129–142 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Coop, M.R.: The mechanics of uncemented carbonate sands. Géotechnique. 40, 607–626 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Coop, M.R., Lee, I.K.: The behaviour of granular soils at elevated stresses. In: Houlsby, G.T., et al. (eds.) Predictive Soil Mechanics—Proceedings of the Wroth Memorial Symposium, St Catherine’s College, Oxford, pp. 186–198. Thomas Telford, London (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Clayton, C.R.I.: The influence of diagenesis on some index properties of chalk in England. Géotechnique. 33, 225–241 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. BS-1377-2:1990: Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes—Part 2: Classification Tests. British Standards Institution, London (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  17. BS-ISO-13320:2009: Particle Size Analysis—Laser Diffraction Methods. British Standards Institution, London (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Burland, J.B.: On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays, the 30th Rankine lecture. Géotechnique. 40, 329–378 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Madhusudhan, B.N., Baudet, B.A.: Influence of reconstitution method on the behaviour of completely decomposed granite. Géotechnique. 64, 540–550 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Alvarez-Borges, F.J., Madhusudhan, B.N., Clayton, C.R.I., Richards, D.J.: The structure permitted space of low to medium density chalk in one-dimensional compression. Géotechnique Lett. (2018, in press)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jovičić, V., Coop, M.R.: The measurement of stiffness anisotropy in clays with bender element tests in the triaxial apparatus. Geotech. Test. J. 21, 3–10 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kumar, J., Madhusudhan, B.N.: A note on the measurement of travel times using bender and extender elements. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 30, 630–634 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Yamashita, S., Kawaguchi, T., Nakata, Y., Mikami, T., Fujiwara, T., Shibuya, S.: Interpretation of international parallel test on the measurement of Gmax using bender elements. Soils Found. 46, 631–650 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Clayton, C.R.I., Heymann, G.: Stiffness of geomaterials at very small strains. Géotechnique. 51, 245–255 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bialowas, G., Diambra, A., Nash, D.: Small Strain Stiffness Evolution of Reconstituted Medium Density Chalk. 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, pp. 162–167. IMEKO-International Measurement Federation Secretariat (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lee, K.L., Farhoomand, I.: Compressibility and crushing of granular soil in anisotropic triaxial compression. Can. Geotech. J. 4, 68–86 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Atkinson, J.H.: An Introduction to the Mechanics of Soils and Foundations through Critical State Soil Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Muir Wood, D.: Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1994)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research has been co-sponsored by the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) and the Education Secretariat (SEP) of Mexico, and by the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment of the University of Southampton. Authors are grateful for the suggestions and comments of Prof C.R.I. Clayton.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    F. J. Alvarez-Borges, B. N. Madhusudhan & D. J. Richards

Authors
  1. F. J. Alvarez-Borges
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. N. Madhusudhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. J. Richards
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. J. Alvarez-Borges .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. DICEAM, University Mediterranea, Reggio Calabria, Italy

    Pasquale Giovine

  2. DICeA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Paolo Maria Mariano

  3. DICEAM, University Mediterranea, Reggio Calabria, Italy

    Giuseppe Mortara

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Alvarez-Borges, F.J., Madhusudhan, B.N., Richards, D.J. (2018). Stiffness of Destructured Weak Carbonate Rock. In: Giovine, P., Mariano, P., Mortara, G. (eds) Micro to MACRO Mathematical Modelling in Soil Mechanics. Trends in Mathematics. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99474-1_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation