Abstract
This chapter defends a fourfold heuristic for determining when academic plagiarism has occurred. Drawing from contemporary literature on research integrity, I propose that academic plagiarism has been committed when there is: (1) a non-trivial appropriation of words, images, or formulas, (2) with inadequate credit, (3) that generates an appearance of original authorship, (4) in a discrete item belonging to the scholarly record. This approach is sufficiently general to include a wide range of text manipulations, and yet it is sufficiently narrow to express to the particularities of plagiarism in the context of published research findings. In defending this heuristic, I argue that intent is not required for academic plagiarism, and I propose that academic plagiarism should be treated as a strict-liability offense. The presence or absence of a guilty mind or mens rea is irrelevant to the need to correct the scholarly record when publications themselves are deficient. Intent may be an important element to be considered by institutions that have the role of investigating and punishing wrongdoers for scientific misconduct, but intent should be considered immaterial by members of the research community who have the privilege and responsibility of maintaining the reliability of publications for the world of learning. Too often the role of correcting the scholarly record is conflated with the role of investigating and issuing punishments for research misconduct, but the two are quite different. The chapter also considers the topic of duplicate or redundant publication (often called “self-plagiarism”), and it distinguishes academic plagiarism from copyright violation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Critics have provided a diagnosis of the false academy’s basic elements, which include: diploma mills (Contreras and Gollin 2009), vanity conferences (Grove 2017; Carey 2016), predatory and vanity publishers (Kurt 2018; Beall 2016a, 2018; Pyne 2017; Darbyshire et al. 2017; Beninger et al. 2016; Djuric 2015; Stevenson 2004), fraudulent impact factors (Gutierrez et al. 2015), non-discriminating article databases (Beall 2018: 293), retraction charges by dubious publishers (Cobey 2017; McCook 2016), the purchase of fraudulent editorial board memberships (Beall, 2016c), and the phenomenon of journal highjacking (Dadkhah and Borchardt 2016).
- 2.
The concept of ‘remixing’ has antecedents in the medieval notions of authorship discussed earlier in this chapter.
- 3.
The maxim is commonly attributed to Pseudo-Dionysius , as expressed in De divinis nominbus, IV.30. For an account of this maxim, see Bretzke (2013: 26–27).
- 4.
An updated catalogue of QRPs is offered in Bouter et al. (2016).
- 5.
Retractions of publications on ethical topics on the basis of authorship violations are not as uncommon as one might expect. Another distinctive case involves the retraction of a book chapter titled “On the Role and Function of Ethics Committees” that was issued by the publisher “due to proven plagiarism by the author” (Anonymous 2015: E1). See also the retraction of the article titled “Truth, Deception, and Lies” that was issued due to “serious plagiarism” (Visker 2010: 5–6). For other examples, see Anonymous (2013b, 2010b, c).
References
Andreescu, Liviu. 2013. Self-plagiarism in academic publishing: The anatomy of a misnomer. Science and Engineering Ethics 19 (3): 775–797.
Anonymous. 2010a. Retraction. BMC Medical Ethics 11 (20): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-11-20. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2010b. Retraction note: End-of-life discontinuation of destination therapy with cardiac and ventilatory support medical devices: Physician-assisted death or allowing the patient to die? BMC Medical Ethics 11(20). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-11-20. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2010c. Erratum to: Modern business ethics research: Concept, theory and relationships. Journal of Business Ethics 93(1): 495.
———. 2013a. Retraction note: Corporate social responsibility in purchasing and supply chain. Journal of Business Ethics 113(1): 183.
———. 2013b. Retracted article: The “strong” versus “weak” premise of stakeholder legitimacy and the rhetorical perspective of diffusion. Journal of Business Ethics 113(3): 561.
———. 2014. Retraction note to: ‘Surgical research and the ethics of being first’. The Journal of Value Inquiry 48(1): 171.
———. 2015. Retraction note, E1. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94257-5_5. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2017. Retraction note to: Strategic bombing, causal beliefs, and double effect. The Journal of Value Inquiry 51(2): 361.
———. 2018. Retracted article: Habits, priming and the explanation of mindless action. Minds and Machines 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-016-9410-5. Accessed 29 Aug 2018.
Arenson, Karen W. 2002. SUNY classics professor is accused of plagiarism. The New York Times, February 22. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/22/nyregion/suny-classics-professor-is-accused-of-plagiarism.html. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Ares, J., J. Lara, D. Lizcano, and M.A. Martínez. 2018. Who discovered the binary system and arithmetic? Did Leibniz plagiarize Caramuel? Science and Engineering Ethics 24 (1): 173–188.
Autor, David H. 2011. Letter. Journal of Economic Perspectives 25 (3): 239–240. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.3.239. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Bannerman, Sara. 2016. International copyright and access to knowledge. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Barry, Bruce. 2018. Expression of Concern. Business Ethics Quarterly 28 (2): 237–239.
Bealer, George. 1999. A theory of the a priori. Philosophical Perspectives 13: 29–55.
———. 2000. A theory of the a priori. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 81 (1): 1–30.
Beall, Jeffrey. 2013. Publisher requires only 20% original content in article submissions. In Scholarly open access: Critical analysis of scholarly open-access publishing. October 10. http://web.archive.org/web/20160203064300/https://scholarlyoa.com/2013/10/10/original-content-in-articlesubmissions. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2016a. Dangerous predatory publishers threaten medical research. Journal of Korean Medical Science 31 (10): 1511–1513. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.10.1511. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2016b. Bogus Iran-based journal allows up to 40% plagiarism. In Scholarly open access: Critical analysis of scholarly open-access publishing. January 29. http://web.archive.org/web/20161113193046/https://scholarlyoa.com/2016/01/28/bogus-iran-based-journal-allows-up-to-40-plagiarism. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2016c. Open-access journal charges people to serve on its editorial board. In Scholarly open access: Critical analysis of scholarly open-access publishing. September 8, https://web.archive.org/web/20160910085339/https://scholarlyoa.com/2016/09/08/open-access-journalcharges-people-to-serve-on-its-editorial-board. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2018. Scientific soundness and the problem of predatory journals. In Pseudoscience: The conspiracy against science, ed. Allison B. Kaufman and James C. Kaufman, 283–299. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Beninger, Peter G., Jeffrey Beall, and Sandra E. Shumway. 2016. Debasing the currency of science: The growing menace of predatory open access journals. Journal of Shellfish Research 35 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.035.0101. Accessed 6 July 2018.
BioMed Central. n.d. Text recycling guidelines. BioMed Central. https://publicationethics.org/files/Web_A29298_COPE_Text_Recycling.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Bloch, R. Howard. 1994. God’s plagiarist: Being an account of the fabulous industry and irregular commerce of the Abbé Migne. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bouter, Lex, M. Joeri Tijdink, Nils Axelsen, Brian C. Martinson, and Gerben ter Riet. 2016. Ranking major and minor research misbehaviors: Results from a survey among participants of four World Conferences on Research Integrity. Research Integrity and Peer Review 1 (17): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-016-0024-5. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Bouville, Mathieu. 2008. Plagiarism: Words and ideas. Science and Engineering Ethics 14 (3): 311–322.
Bretag, Tracey, and Saadia Mahmud. 2009. Self-plagiarism or appropriate textual re-use? Journal of Academic Ethics 7 (3): 193–205.
Bretzke, James T. 2013. Consecrated phrases: A Latin theological dictionary. Latin expressions commonly found in theological writings. 3rd ed. Collegeville: The Liturgical Press.
Broome, Marion E. 2004. Self-plagiarism: Oxymoron, fair use, or scientific misconduct? Nursing Outlook 52 (6): 273–274.
Butler, Declan. 2018. Researchers have finally created a tool to spot duplicated images across thousands of papers. Nature. February 23. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02421-3. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Carey, Kevin. 2016. A peek inside the strange world of fake academia. The New York Times. December 29. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/29/upshot/fake-academe-looking-much-like-the-real-thing.html. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Carroll, Jude. 2016. Making decisions on management of plagiarism cases where there is a deliberate attempt to cheat. In Handbook of academic integrity, ed. Tracey Bretag, 199–210. Singapore: Springer.
Chaddah, Praveen. 2014. Not all plagiarism requires a retraction. Nature 511 (7508): 127. https://doi.org/10.1038/511127a. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Chroust, Anton-Hermann. 1961. Charges of philosophical plagiarism in Greek antiquity. The Modern Schoolman 38 (3): 219–237.
Cobey, Kelly. 2017. Illegitimate journals scam even senior scientists. Nature 549: 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/549007a Accessed 6 July 2018.
Code of Federal Regulations. 2005. 42 parts 1 to 399: Public health. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. https://ori.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/42_cfr_parts_50_and_93_2005.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Considine, John. 2008. Dictionaries in early modern Europe: Lexicography and the making of heritage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Constable, Giles. 1983. Forgery and plagiarism in the middle ages. Archiv für Diplomatik: Schriftgeschichte Siegel- und Wappenkunde 29: 1–41.
Contreras, Alan, and George Gollin. 2009. The real and the fake degree and diploma mills. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 41 (2): 36–43.
Dadkhah, Mehdi, and Glenn Borchardt. 2016. Hijacked journals: An emerging challenge for scholarly publishing. Aesthetic Surgery Journal 36 (6): 739–741.
Darbyshire, Philip, Lisa McKenna, Susan Fiona Lee, and Christine E. East. 2017. Taking a stand against predatory publishers. Journal of Advanced Nursing 73 (7): 1535–1537.
Davies, Benjamin, and Giulia Felappi. 2017. Publish or perish. Metaphilosophy 48 (5): 745–761.
Djuric, Dragan. 2015. Penetrating the omerta of predatory publishing. Science and Engineering Ethics 21 (1): 183–202.
Dodaro, Robert. 2014. Notification. Augustinianum 54 (1): 237.
Ellis, George F.R., and Hermann Nicolai. 2007. Editorial note: The issue of plagiarism. General Relativity and Gravitation 39 (12): 1969–1970.
Eriksson, Stefan, and Gert Helgesson. 2017. The false academy: Predatory publishing in science and bioethics. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 20 (2): 163–170.
European Science Foundation. 2011. The European code of conduct for research integrity. Berlin: ALLEA. http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/other/hi/h2020-ethics_code-of-conduct_en.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Federal Register. 2000. Federal policy on research misconduct. Federal Register 65 (235): 76262. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2000/12/06/00-30852/executive-office-of-the-president-federal-policy-on-research-misconductpreamble-for-research#print. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Fishman, Teddi. 2009. ‘We know it when we see it’ is not good enough: Toward a standard definition of plagiarism that transcends theft, fraud, and copyright. 4th Asia Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity (4APCEI) 28–30 September, University of Wollongong, NSW Australia. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=apcei. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Gelman, Andrew. 2016. Clarke’s law: Any sufficiently crappy research is indistinguishable from fraud. In Statistical modeling, causal inference, and social science. June 20. http://andrewgelman.com/2016/06/20/clarkes-law-of-research. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Gipp, Bela. 2014. Citation-based plagiarism detection: Detecting disguised and cross-language plagiarism using citation pattern analysis. Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg.
Glare, P.G.W., ed. 1982. Oxford Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Grisez, Germain. 1997. Difficult moral questions. Quincy: Franciscan Press.
Grove, Jack. 2017. Predatory conferences ‘now outnumber official scholarly events’. Times Higher Education. October 26. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/predatory-conferences-now-outnumber-official-scholarly-events. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Gutierrez, Fredy R.S., Jeffrey Beall, and Diego A. Forero. 2015. Spurious alternative impact factors: The scale of the problem from an academic perspective. BioEssays 37 (5): 474–476.
Hames, Irene. 2007. Peer review and manuscript management in scientific journals: Guidelines for good practice. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Harms, Dan. 2006. Plagiarism, publishing, and the academy. Journal of Scholarly Publishing 38 (1): 1–13.
Hathaway, Neil. 1989. Compilatio: From plagiarism to compiling. Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies 20: 19–44.
Hauptman, Robert. 2008. Authorial ethics: How writers abuse their calling. Journal of Scholarly Publishing 39 (4): 323–353.
Helgesson, Gert. 2016. Plagiarism. In Encyclopedia of global bioethics, ed. Henk ten Have, 2239–2249. Cham: Springer.
Helgesson, Gert, and Stefan Eriksson. 2015. Plagiarism in research. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 18 (1): 91–101.
Heller, Lambert, Ronald The, and Sönke Bartling. 2014. Dynamic publication formats and collaborative authoring. In Opening science: The evolving guide on how the internet is changing research, collaboration and scholarly publishing, ed. Sönke Bartling and Sascha Friesike, 197–211. Cham: Springer.
Horbach, S.P.J.M., and W. Halffman. 2017. The extent and causes of academic text recycling or ‘self-plagiarism’. Research Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.09.004. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Hoven, René, ed. 1994. Lexique de la prose Latin de la Renaissance. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Huygens, R.B.C. 2000. Ars Edendi: A practical guide to editing medieval Latin texts. Turnhout: Brepols.
Kaczor, Christopher. 2011. Introduction. In O rare Ralph McInerny: Stories and reflections about a legendary Notre Dame professor, ed. Christopher Kaczor, 1–5. South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press.
Kivistö, Sari. 2014. Plagiarism and academic thieves. In The vices of learning: Morality and knowledge at early modern universities, 118–134. Leiden: Brill.
Koepsell, David. 2017. Scientific integrity and research ethics: An approach from the ethos of science. Cham: Springer.
Koppers, Lars, Holger Wormer, and Katja Ickstadt. 2017. Towards a systematic screening tool for quality assurance and semiautomatic fraud detection for images in the life sciences. Science and Engineering Ethics 23 (4): 1113–1128.
Kurt, Serhat. 2018. Why do authors publish in predatory journals? Learned Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1150. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, eds. 1953. A Greek-English lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lose, Gunnar. 2011. Plagiarism. International Urogynecology Journal 22 (8): 903–904.
Marcus, Adam. 2010. Irony alert: Shades of plagiarism undo med ethics paper on terminal care. Retraction Watch. December 30. http://retractionwatch.com/2010/12/30/irony-alert-shades-of-plagiarism-undo-med-ethics-paper-on-terminal-care. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Marcus, Adam, and Ivan Oransky. 2015. The plagiarism euphemism parade continues. GMS Medizin – Bibliothek – Information 15 (1–2): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.3205/mbi000338. Accessed 6 July 2018.
McCook, Alison. 2016. Journal charges fee to lodge allegations against papers. Retraction Watch. September 27. http://retractionwatch.com/2016/09/27/say-what-journal-charges-fee-to-lodge-allegations-against-papers. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2018a. Medical ethicist: “I now understand that I should not have been re-using material”. Retraction Watch, July 20. https://retractionwatch.com/2018/07/20/medical-ethicist-i-now-understand-that-i-should-not-have-been-re-using-material. Accessed 29 Aug 2018.
———. 2018b. Famous Harvard economist reused parts of 2002 paper multiple times, says journal. Retraction watch. June 4. https://retractionwatch.com/2018/06/04/famous-harvard-economist-reused-parts-of-2002-paper-multiple-times-says-journal. Accessed 19 July 2018.
McGill, Scott. 2012. Plagiarism in Latin literature. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mercer, Christia. 2017. Descartes’ debt to Teresa of Ávila, or why we should work on women in the history of philosophy. Philosophical Studies 174 (10): 2539–2555.
Morris, Sally. 2016. Foreward. In Against plagiarism: A guide for editors and authors, ed. Yuehong (Helen) Zhang, v–vii. Cham: Springer.
Morris, Sally, Ed Barnas, Douglas LaFrenier, and Margaret Reich. 2013. The handbook of journal publishing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Moskovitz, Cary. 2017. Text recycling in health sciences research literature: A rhetorical perspective. Research Integrity and Peer Review 2 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-017-0025-z. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Niermeyer, J.F., C. van de Kieft, and J.W.J. Burgers. 2002. Mediae Latinitatis lexicon minus. Vol. 2.: M–Z. Leiden: Brill.
Norman, Ian, and Peter Griffiths. 2008. Duplicate publication and ‘salami slicing’: Ethical issues and practical solutions. International Journal of Nursing Studies 45 (9): 1257–1260.
Nylenna, Magne, and Sigmund Simonsen. 2006. Scientific misconduct: A new approach to prevention. The Lancet 367 (9526): 1882–1884.
Oransky, Ivan. 2013a. Who’s on first? Paper on ‘the ethics of being first’ retracted because it was…second. Retraction Watch. November 15. http://retractionwatch.com/2013/11/15/whos-on-first-paper-on-the-ethics-of-being-first-retracted-because-it-was-second. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2013b. P values: Scientific journals’ top ten plagiarism euphemisms. Retraction Watch. November 29. http://retractionwatch.com/2013/11/29/p-values-scientific-journals-top-ten-plagiarism-euphemisms. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Pakaluk, Michael. 2017. Ethicist says ghostwriter’s role in ‘Amoris’ is troubling. Crux. Jan 15. https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2017/01/15/ethicist-says-ghostwriters-role-amoris-troubling. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Posner, Richard A. 2007. The little book of plagiarism. New York: Pantheon Books.
Prasad, S. Shyam. 2017. Plagiarism for PhD thesis ‘ok’ as long as it’s limited to 30%. India Times. March 23. http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/plagiarism-for-phd-thesis-ok-as-long-as-its-limited-to-30/articleshow/57799614.cms. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Pyne, Derek. 2017. The rewards of predatory publications at a small business school. Journal of Scholarly Publishing 48 (3): 137–160.
Resnik, David B., and C. Neal Stewart Jr. 2012. Misconduct versus honest error and scientific disagreement. Accountability in Research 19 (1): 56–63.
Resnik, David B., Elise M. Smith, Stefanie H. Chen, and Carlos Goller. 2017. What is recklessness in scientific research? The Frank Sauer case. Accountability in Research 24 (8): 497–502.
Richtig, G., M. Berger, B. Lange-Asschenfeldt, W. Aberer, and E. Richtig. 2018. Problems and challenges of predatory journals. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15039. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Rogerson Ann, M., and Grace McCarthy. 2017. Using internet based paraphrasing tools: Original work, patchwriting or facilitated plagiarism? International Journal for Educational Integrity 13 (2): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-016-0013-y. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Roig, Miguel. 2015. Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing, 2nd ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Research Integrity. https://ori.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/plagiarism.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2017a. Comment on Cary Moskovitz’ ‘Text recycling in health sciences literature: A rhetorical perspective’. Research Integrity and Peer Review 2 (2): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-017-0026-y. Accessed 6 July 2018.
———. 2017b. Encouraging editorial flexibility in cases of textual reuse. Journal of Korean Medical Science 32 (4): 557–560. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.4.557. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Rota, Gian-Carlo. 1990. Mathematics and philosophy: The story of a misunderstanding. The Review of Metaphysics 44 (2): 259–271.
———. 1991. The pernicious influence of mathematics upon philosophy. Synthese 88 (2): 165–178.
———. 1997a. Ten lessons I wish I had been taught. Notices of the American Mathematical Society 44 (1): 22–25.
———. 1997b. Ten lessons I wish I had been taught. In Indiscrete thoughts, ed. Fabrizio Palombi, 195–203. Boston: Birkhäuser.
———. 1997c. The pernicious influence of mathematics upon philosophy. In Indiscrete thoughts, ed. Fabrizio Palombi, 89–103. Boston: Birkhäuser.
———. 2006. The pernicious influence of mathematics upon philosophy. In 18 unconventional essays on the nature of mathematics, ed. Reuben Hersh, 220–230. New York: Springer.
Saunders, Joss. 2010. Plagiarism and the law. Learned Publishing 23 (4): 279–292.
Scanlon, Patrick M. 2007. Song from myself: An anatomy of self-plagiarism. Plagiary 1: 57–66. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.5240451.0002.007. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Schabel, Chris. 2005. Haec ille: Citation, quotation, and plagiarism in 14th century scholasticism. In The origins of European scholarship: The Cyprus Millennium International Conference, ed. Ioannis Taifacos, 163–175. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Seo, J. Mira. 2009. Plagiarism and poetic identity in Martial. American Journal of Philology 130 (4): 567–593.
Shamoo, Adil E., and David B. Resnik. 2015. Responsible conduct of research. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shamseer, Larissa, David Moher, Onyi Maduekwe, Lucy Turner, Virginia Barbour, Rebecca Burch, Jocalyn Clark, James Galipeau, Jason Roberts, and Beverley J. Shea. 2017. Potential predatory and legitimate biomedical journals: Can you tell the difference? A cross-sectional comparison. BMC Medicine 15 (28): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0785-9. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Smolčić, Vesna Šupak. 2013. Salami publication: definitions and examples. Biochemia Medica 23 (3): 137–141.
Sonfield, Matthew C. 2014. Academic plagiarism at the faculty level: Legal versus ethical issues and a case study. Journal of Academic Ethics 12 (2): 75–87.
St. Onge, K.R. 1988. The melancholy anatomy of plagiarism. Lanham: University Press of America.
Stevenson, Iain. 2004. Is open access the new vanity publishing? Learned Publishing 17 (2): 83–84.
Swiss National Science Foundation. 2016. Regulations on scientific misconduct (Research integrity regulations, RI regulations). http://www.snf.ch/sitecollectiondocuments/ueb_org_fehlverh_gesuchstellende_e.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Teixeira da Silva, Jaime. 2017. Copy-paste: 2-click step to success and productivity that underlies self-plagiarism. Science and Engineering Ethics 23 (3): 943–994.
The Office of Research Integrity. 1994. ORI policy on plagiarism. ORI Newsletter 3: 1. https://ori.hhs.gov/ori-policy-plagiarism. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Tsui, Anne, et al. 2014. Retraction statement for ‘Ethics and integrity of the publishing process: Myths, facts, and a roadmap’. Management and Organization Review 10 (1): 157–162.
Umlauf, Mary Grace, and Yuki Mochizuki. 2018. Predatory publishing and cybercrime targeting academics. International Journal of Nursing Practice 24: S1. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12656. Accessed 10 June 2018.
Vincent, Clement. 2007. The purloined bibliography. The Chronicle of Higher Education. July 16. http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Purloined-Bibliography/46601. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Visker, R. 2010. Note from the editorial board/Mededeling van de redactie. Tijdschrift voor Filosofie 72 (1): 5–6.
Wager, Liz. 2013. Suspected plagiarism in a published manuscript. Committee on Publication Ethics. http://publicationethics.org/files/plagiarismB.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Wager, Elizabeth. 2014. Defining and responding to plagiarism. Learned Publishing 27 (1): 33–42.
Wager, Elizabeth, Virginia Barbour, Steven Yentis, Sabine Kleinert. 2009. Retraction guidelines. Committee on Publication Ethics. https://publicationethics.org/files/retraction guidelines.pdf. Accessed 16 Mar 2018.
Weber-Wulff, Debora. 2014. False feathers: A perspective on academic plagiarism. Heidelberg: Springer.
Weinberg, Justin. 2015. Answers from academic publishers. Daily Nous: News for and About the Philosophy Profession. May 28. http://dailynous.com/2015/05/28/answers-from-academic-publishers. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Yilmaz, Ihsan. 2007. Plagiarism? No, we’re just borrowing better English. Nature 449 (7163): 658. https://doi.org/10.1038/449658a. Accessed 6 July 2018.
Zahnd, Ueli. 2015. Easy-going scholars lecturing secundum alium? Notes on some French Franciscan Sentences commentaries of the fifteenth century. In Mediaeval commentaries on the ‘Sentences’ of Peter Lombard, ed. Philipp W. Rosemann, vol. 3, 267–314. Leiden: Brill.
Zgusta, Ladislav. 1988. Copying in lexicography: Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit dictionary and other cases (Dvaikośyam). Lexicographica 4: 145–164.
Zhang, Yuehong (Helen). 2016. Against plagiarism: A guide for editors and authors. Cham: Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dougherty, M.V. (2018). What Is Academic Plagiarism?. In: Correcting the Scholarly Record for Research Integrity. Research Ethics Forum, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99435-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99435-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99434-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99435-2
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)