Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Distribution and Sources of Hydrocarbon Compounds in Sediments from Obhur Lagoon: Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Oceanographic and Biological Aspects of the Red Sea

Part of the book series: Springer Oceanography ((SPRINGEROCEAN))

Abstract

Surface sediment samples from Obhur Lagoon on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia were collected and analyzed to determine the levels, distribution and sources of hydrocarbon compounds. The sediments were collected using a Van Veen grab sampler, dried, extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane/methanol, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major hydrocarbons of these lipid extracts included n-alkanes (6–645 ng g−1), methyl n-alkanoates (1–311 ng g−1), hopanes (3–219 ng g−1), steranes (5–258 ng g−1), phthalates (4–201 ng g−1), and an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) (0–4571 μg g−1). Anthropogenic petroleum products and plasticizers were the main sources of these hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts from biogenic sources, including natural waxes of terrestrial higher plants and marine microbial detritus. The estimated anthropogenic inputs of the total lipid hydrocarbons for all sediments ranged from 14 to 98% for petroleum products and from 2 to 18% for plasticizers, whereas biogenic inputs ranged from 0 to 10.7% for terrestrial higher plant waxes and from 0 to 68.5% for marine microbial detritus. The presence and inputs of petroleum residues and plasticizers to the coastal sediments of the lagoon likely affect the marine ecosystems and associated species groups that use the lagoon as a coastal nursery and spawning area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abas MRB, Simoneit BRT (1996) Composition of extractable organic matter of air particles from Malaysia: initial studies. Atmos Environ 15:2779–2793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abas MRB, Simoneit BRT (1998) Wax lipids from leaf surfaces of some common plants of Malaysia. Pertanik J Sci Technol 6:171–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdallah RI, Khalil NM, Roushdie MI (2015) Monitoring of pollution in Egyptian Red Sea. Egypt J Petrol 24(1):59–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aboul-Kassim TAT, Simoneit BRT (1996) Lipid geochemistry of surficial sediments from coastal environment of Egypt I. Aliphatic hydrocarbons—characterization and sources. Mar Chem 54:135–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abril JM, Abdel-Aal MM (2000) A modelling study on hydrodynamics and pollutant dispersion in the Suez Canal. Ecol Model 128(1):1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed F, Sultan SA (1993) Tidal and sea level changes at Jeddah, Red Sea. Pak J Mar Sci 2(2):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Albaiges J, Cuberes MR (1980) On the degradation of petroleum residues in the marine environment. Chemosphere 9:539–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali AM, Rønning HT, Al Arif WM, Kallenborn R, Al-Lihaibi SS (2017) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in effluent-dominated Saudi Arabian coastal waters of the Red Sea. Chemosphere 175:505–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsaafani MA, Alraddadi TM, Albarakati AM (2017) Seasonal variability of hydrographic structure in Sharm Obhur and water exchange with the Red Sea. Arabian J Geosci 10(14):315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsharhan AS (2003) Petroleum geology and potential hydrocarbon plays in the Gulf of Suez rift basin. Egypt Bull Am Assoc Petrol Geol 87(1):143–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Ameen F, Moslem M, Hadi S, Al-Sabri AE (2016) Biodegradation of diesel fuel hydrocarbons by mangrove fungi from Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 23(2):211–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62(8):1596–1605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badr NB, El-Fiky AA, Mostafa AR, Al-Mur BA (2009) Metal pollution records in core sediments of some Red Sea coastal areas, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Environ Monit Assess 155(1):509–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badran MI, Rasheed M, Manasrah R, Al-Najjar T (2005) Nutrient flux fuels the summer primary productivity in the oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Oceanologia 47(1):47–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Basaham AS, El-Shater A (1994) Textural and mineralogical characteristics of the surficial sediments of Sharm Obhur, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Mar Sci 5(1):51–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Batang ZB, Alikunhi N, Gochfeld M, Burger J, Al-Jahdali R, Al-Jahdali H, Aziz MA, Al-Jebreen D, Al-Suwailem A (2016) Congener-specific levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in edible fish tissue from the central Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Sci Total Environ 572:915–925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouloubassi I, Fillaux J, Saliot A (2001) Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, East China Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 42:1335–1346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan GT (1976) Heavy metal contamination in the sea. Mar Pollut 3:185–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Canfield DE (1994) Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. Chem Geol 114(3):315–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter EJ, Smith KL (1972) Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface. Science 175(4027):1240–1241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colton JB, Knapp FD, Burns BR (1974) Plastic particles in surface waters of the northwestern Atlantic. Science 185(4150):491–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derraik JGB (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 44(9):842–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dicks B (1987) Pollution. In: Edwards A, Head SM (eds) Key environments: the Red Sea. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 383–404

    Google Scholar 

  • DouAbul AA, Heba HM, Fareed KH (1997) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish from the Red Sea Coast of Yemen. Asia-pacific conference on science and management of coastal environment. Springer, Netherlands, pp 251–262

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dugan PJ (ed) (1990) Wetland conservation: a review of current issues and required action. IUCN, Gland, 96 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Eerkes-Medrano D, Thompson RC, Aldridge DC (2015) Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res 75:63–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eglinton G, Hamilton RJ (1967) Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science 156:1322–1335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Nemr A, El-Sikaily A, Khaled A, Said TO, Abd-Alla AM (2004) Determination of hydrocarbons in mussels from the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Environ Monit Assess 96(1–3):251–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Sayed MA (2002a) Distribution and behavior of dissolved species of nitrogen and phosphorus in two coastal Red Sea lagoons receiving domestic sewage. Mar Sci 13:47–73

    Google Scholar 

  • El Sayed MA (2002b) Nitrogen and phosphorus in the effluent of a sewage treatment station on the eastern Red Sea coast: daily cycle, flux and impact on the coastal area. Int J Environ Stud 59(1):73–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sikaily A, Khaled A, El Nemr A, Said TO, Abd-Alla AMA (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatics in the coral reef skeleton of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71(6):1252–1259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen M, Mason S, Wilson S, Box C, Zellers A, Edwards W, Farley H, Amato S (2013) Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mar Pollut Bull 77(1–2):177–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ficken KJ, Li B, Swain DE, Eglinton G (2000) An n-alkanes proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating fresh water aquatic macrophytes. Org Geochem 31:745–759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frysinger GS, Gaines RB, Xu L, Reddy CM (2003) Resolving the unresolved complex mixture in petroleum-contaminated sediments. Environ Sci Technol 37(8):1653–1662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gough MA, Rowland SJ (1990) Characterization of unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in petroleum. Nature 344:648–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hees W (1977) Sewage discharges from ships transiting coastal salt waters. J Am Water Resour Assoc 13(2):215–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung CC, Gong GC, Chen HY, Hsieh HL, Santschi PH, Wade TL, Sericano JL (2007) Relationships between pesticides and organic carbon fractions in sediments of the Danshui River estuary and adjacent coastal areas of Taiwan. Environ Pollut 148(2):546–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (1983) Global status of mangrove ecosystems. IUCN Commission on Ecology Papers No. 3, 88 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Khaled A, El Nemr A, Said TO, El-Sikaily A, Abd-Alla AM (2004) Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in mussels from the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Chemosphere 54(10):1407–1412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killops SD, Al-Juboori MAHA (1990) Characterisation of the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) in the gas chromatograms of biodegraded petroleums. Org Geochem 15(2):147–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolattukudy PE, Croteau R, Buckner JS (1976) Biochemistry of plant waxes. In: Kolattukudy PE (ed) Chemistry and biochemistry of natural waxes. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvenvolden KA, Rapp JB, Hostettler FD (1990) Hydrocarbon geochemistry of hydrothermal generated petroleum from Escanaba Trough, offshore California, USA. Appl Geochem 5:83–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laws EA (1993) Oil pollution. Aquatic pollution: an introductory text, 2nd ed. Wiley, pp 417–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Levanon-Spanier I, Padan E, Reiss Z (1979) Primary production in a desert-enclosed sea—the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba), Red Sea. Deep Sea Res Part A. Oceanogr Res Pap 26(6):673–685

    Google Scholar 

  • Loya Y (1975) Possible effects of water pollution on the community structure of Red Sea corals. Mar Biol 29:177–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malins DC (1977) Metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons in marine organisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 298(1):482–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandura AS (1997) A mangrove stand under sewage pollution stress: Red Sea. Mangroves Salt Marshes 1(4):255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurek MA, Simoneit BRT (1984) Characterization of biogenic and petroleum derived organic matter in aerosols over remote, rural and urban areas. In: Kieth LH (ed) Identification and analysis of organic pollutants in air. American Chemical Society Symposium Ann Arbor Science/Butterworth Publishers, Woburn, MA, pp 353–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1991) Biological input to visibility reducing aerosol particles in the remote arid Southwestern United States. Environ Sci Technol 25:684–694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medeiros PM, Bicego MC (2004) Investigation of natural and anthropogenic inputs in sediments using geochemical markers: I. Santos SP—Brazil. Mar Pollut Bull 49:761–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medeiros PM, Bicego MC, Castelao RM, Rosso DC, Fillmann G, Zamboni AT (2005) Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs to sediments of Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil. Environ Int 31:77–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michaelis W, Jenisch A, Richnow HH (1990) Hydrothermal petroleum generation in Red Sea sediments from the Kebrit and Shaban Deeps. Appl Geochem 5(1–2):103–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moldowan JM, Seifert WK, Gallegos EJ (1985) Relationship between petroleum composition and depositional environment of petroleum source rocks. Bull Am Assoc Petrol Geol 69(8):1255–1268

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller PJ, Suess E (1979) Productivity, sedimentation rate, and sedimentary organic matter in the oceans—I. Organic carbon preservation. Deep Sea Res Part A. Oceanogr Res Pap 26(12):1347–1362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oyo-Ita OE, Ekpo BO, Oros DR, Simoneit BRT (2010) Distributions and sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons and ketones in surface sediments from the Cross River estuary, S.E. Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Sanit 5:24–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandit GG, Sahu SK, Sharma S, Puranik VD (2006) Distribution and fate of persistent organochlorine pesticides in coastal marine environment of Mumbai. Environ Int 32(2):240–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins S (2015) Nearly every seabird may be eating plastic by 2050. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/08/nearly-every-seabird-may-be-eating-plastic-2050

  • PERSGA/SAP (2001a) Strategic action programme (SAP) for the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden: navigation risk assessment and management plan. World Bank, Washington, 103 p

    Google Scholar 

  • PERSGA/SAP (2001b) Strategic action programme (SAP) for the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden: country reports. World Bank, Washington, 205 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters KE, Moldowan JM (1993) The biomarker guide: interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Por FD (2012) Lessepsian migration: the influx of Red Sea biota into the Mediterranean by way of the Suez Canal, vol 23. Springer Science & Business Media

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasul NMA (2015) Lagoon sediments of the Eastern Red Sea: distribution processes, pathways and patterns. In: Rasul NMA, Stewart ICF (eds) The Red Sea: the formation, morphology, oceanography and environment of a young ocean basin. Springer Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, pp 281–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray GC (1976) Critical marine habitats. In: An international conference on marine parks and reserves. IUCN Publication New Series No. 37, pp 15–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1979) Laboratory experiments on the effects of crude oil on the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillate. Mar Pollut Bull 10:328–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogge WF, Mazurek MA, Hildemann LM, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1993) Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: identification, abundance and seasonal variation. Atmos Environ 27A:1309–1330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, Simoneit BRT (2002a) Hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in sediments of the northeastern Pacific Ocean: part 1. Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Appl Geochem 17:1401–1428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, Simoneit BRT (2002b) Hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in sediments of the northeastern Pacific Ocean: part 2. Gorda Ridge, Escanaba Trough. Appl Geochem 17:1467–1494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, Abubakr MM, Hebba H (1994) Marine habitats of Alurj-Alsalif and Dubab-Yakhtul areas: ecology, environment and management. Final Report, Department of Oceanography, Sana’a University, 117 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, DouAboul AA, Mohammed SS, Simoneit BRT (2006) Distribution and sources of extractable organic matter in the Mesopotamian wetland marsh sediments of Iraq: I—aliphatic lipids. Environ Geol 50:857–866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, Kassim TATA, Simoneit BRT (2009) Sources of organic tracers in sediments from the coastal zone of Ras Abu el-Darag, Gulf of Suez. Environ Geol 58:1675–1687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, Al-Mutlaq KF, Simoneit BRT, Al-Azri A, DouAbul AAZ, Al-Zarban S, Al-Yamani F (2010) Characteristics of lipid tracers to the Arabian Gulf by run-off from rivers and atmospheric dust transport. Arab J Geosci 3:113–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, Simoneit BRT, DouAbul AAZ, Al-Mutlaq KF, El-Mubarak AH, Qurban M, Goni MA (2014) Occurrence, distribution and sources of polar lipid tracers in sediments from the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq—Polar compounds. Sci Tot Environ 470–471:180–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, Al-Shaikh I, El-Mubarak AH, Alnaimi HA, Al-Shamary N, Hassan HM, Assali MA (2017) Characteristics and sources of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons in sediments from the coast of Qatar. Mar Pollut Bull 124(1):56–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushdi AI, Chase Z, Simoneit BRT, Paytan A (2018) Sources of organic tracers in atmospheric dust, surface seawater particulate matter and sediment of the Red Sea. In: Rasul NMA, Stewart ICF (eds) Oceanographic and biological aspects of the Red Sea. Springer Oceanography (In Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Salem DMA, Morsy FAEM, El Nemr A, El-Sikaily A, Khaled A (2014) The monitoring and risk assessment of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Red Sea, Egypt. Egypt J Aquatic Res 40(4):333–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shetaia YM, Mohamed TM, Farahat LA, ElMekawy A (2016) Potential biodegradation of crude petroleum oil by newly isolated halotolerant microbial strains from polluted Red Sea area. Mar Pollut Bull 111(1):435–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT (1977a) Diterpenoid compounds and other lipids in deep-sea sediments and their geochemical significance. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 41:463–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT (1977b) Organic matter in eolian dusts over the Atlantic Ocean. Mar Chem 5:443–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT (1978) The organic chemistry of marine sediments. In: Riley JP, Chester R (eds) Chemical oceanography, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York, pp 233–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT (1984) Organic matter of the troposphere—III. Characterization and sources of petroleum and pyrogenic residues in aerosols over the western United States. Atmos Environ 18:51–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT (1985) Application of molecular marker analysis to vehicular exhaust for source reconciliation. Int J Environ Analyt Chem 22:203–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT (1989) Organic matter of troposphere—V: application of molecular analysis to biogenic emissions into troposphere for source reconciliations. J Atmos Chem 8:251–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT, Mazurek MA (1982) Organic matter of the troposphere—II. Natural background of biogenic lipid matter in aerosols over the rural western United States. Atmos Environ 16:2139–2159

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT, Cardoso JN, Robinson N (1990) An assessment of the origin and composition of higher molecular weight organic matter in aerosols over Amazonia. Chemosphere 21:1285–1301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT, Crisp PT, Mazurek MA, Standley LJ (1991a) Composition of extractable organic matter of aerosols from the Blue Mountains and southeast coast of Australia. Environ Int 17:405–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoneit BRT, Sheng G, Chen X, Fu J, Zhang J, Xu Y (1991b) Molecular marker study of extractable organic matter in aerosols from urban areas of China. Atmos Environ 25A:2111–2129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephanou EG, Stratigakis NE (1993) Determination of anthropogenic and biogenic organic compounds on airborne particles: flash chromatographic fractionation and capillary gas chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr 644:141–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Surhoff TJ, Scholz-Bottcher BM (2016) Qualitative impact of salinity, UV radiation and turbulence on leaching of organic plastic additives from four common plastics—a lab experiment. Mar Pollut Bull 102(1):84–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ten Haven HL, De Leeuw JW, Damsté JS, Schenck PA, Palmer SE, Zumberge JE (1988) Application of biological markers in the recognition of palaeohypersaline environments. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 40(1):123–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (1985) The management and conservation of renewable marine resources in the Indian Ocean Region in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region. UNEP Regional Seas Reports & Studies, No. 64

    Google Scholar 

  • Valiela I, McClelland J, Hauxwell J, Behr PJ, Hersh D, Foreman K (1997) Macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries: controls and ecophysiological and ecosystem consequences. Limnol Oceanogr 42:11105–11118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vegter AC, Barletta M, Beck C, Borrero J, Burton H, Campbell ML, Costa MF, Eriksen M, Eriksson C, Estrades A, Gilardi KV (2014) Global research priorities to mitigate plastic pollution impacts on marine wildlife. Endanger Species Res 25:225–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker TR, Grant J, Archambault MC (2006) Accumulation of marine debris on an intertidal beach in an urban park (Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia). Water Qual Res J Can 41:256–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker TR, Reid K, Arnould JPY, Croxall JP (1997) Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995. Mar Pollut Bull 34:61–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X-C, Sun S, Ma H-Q, Liu Y (2006) Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Mar Poll Bull 52:129–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenninck CJ, Nelson-Smith A (1979) Coastal oil pollution study for the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea coast of the Republic of Egypt, vol 2. IMCO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JJ, Al-Sofyani AA, Marimuthu N (2017) Current biodiversity and ecological status of scleractinian corals of Sharm Obhur, Jeddah, Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea. Mar Biodivers, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0784-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xanthos D, Walker TR (2017) International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): a review. Mar Pollut Bull 118(1–2):17–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Zhao M, Eglinton G, Lu H, Huang C-Y (2006) Leaf wax lipids as paleovegetational and paleoenvironmental proxies for the Chinese Loess Plateau over the last 170 kyr. Quatern Sci Rev 25(5–6):575–594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler M, Roik A, Porter A, Zubier K, Mudarris MS, Ormond R, Voolstra CR (2016) Coral microbial community dynamics in response to anthropogenic impacts near a major city in the central Red Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 105(2):629–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ETAL, 2951 SE Midvale Dr, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA

    Ahmed I. Rushdi

  2. Faculty of Sciences, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen

    Ahmed I. Rushdi

  3. Center for Marine Geology, Saudi Geological Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Najeeb M. A. Rasul

  4. Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulgader Bazeyad & Ramil Dumenden

Authors
  1. Ahmed I. Rushdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Najeeb M. A. Rasul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdulgader Bazeyad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ramil Dumenden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmed I. Rushdi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Marine Geology, Saudi Geological Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Najeeb M.A. Rasul

  2. Stewart Geophysical Consultants Pty. Ltd., College Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Ian C.F. Stewart

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rushdi, A.I., Rasul, N.M.A., Bazeyad, A., Dumenden, R. (2019). Distribution and Sources of Hydrocarbon Compounds in Sediments from Obhur Lagoon: Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia. In: Rasul, N., Stewart, I. (eds) Oceanographic and Biological Aspects of the Red Sea. Springer Oceanography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99417-8_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation