Abstract
The lagoons along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea are rich in biodiversity. The Presidency of Meteorology and Environment of Saudi Arabia with the collaboration of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has declared some of these lagoons as sensitive sites. These lagoons differ widely from each other and the current velocities and flushing time are a function of size, shape, tidal range and size of inlet. The water column conditions of Rabigh Lagoon and the flushing times of Shoaiba, Obhur, Ras Hatiba, Rabigh and Yanbu lagoons are determined. The water column conditions are based on the change in potential energy relative to the potential energy when the water column is mixed, and depend on the balance of heat at the air-sea interface, wind and tidal mixing. A negative potential energy change \(\frac{{\text{dv}}}{{\text{dt}}}\) develops stratification and positive potential energy change tends to mix the water column. In Rabigh Lagoon, the water column remains mixed throughout the year except in September–October, when a weak stratification develops. The flushing time of the lagoons varies from a few days to about a month. The marine environment in arid zone lagoons is under stress due to high temperature and salinities. However, the present-day flushing time scale may not exert an intolerable stress on the ecology of these lagoons. The relative important of local wind in the flushing of these lagoons can vary substantially. The changing environment of these lagoons due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and utilization of the coast may change their conditions. These lagoons are highly productive but are also stressed by anthropogenic inputs and human activities and need continuous monitoring.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmad F, Sultan SAR (1987) On the heat balance terms in the central region of the Red Sea. Deep Sea Res 34(10):1757–1760
Ahmad F, Sultan SAR (1989) Surface heat fluxes and their comparison with the oceanic heat flow in the Red Sea. Oceanol Acta 12(1):33–36
Ahmad F, Sultan, SAR, Abdelrahman SM (1997) Flushing time scale, effect of meteorological forcing and hydrographic variation in two coastal lagoons of the central Red Sea. Scientific Research Council, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Project No. 065/1415
Ahmad F, Sultan SAR (1992) The effect of meteorological forcing on the flushing of Shuaiba Lagoon on the eastern coast of the Red Sea. J King Abdulaziz Univ Mar Sci 3:3–9
Albarakati AMA (2009) Water exchange of Sharm Obhur, Jeddah, Red Sea. J Fac Sci Jeddah 20:49–58
Albarakati AMA (2010a) Application of 2-D tidal model, Shoaiba Lagoon, eastern Red Sea coast. Can J Comput Math Nat Sci Med 1(1):9–20
Albarakati AMA (2010b) Some hydrographic features of Rabigh Lagoon along the eastern Red Sea coast. J Fac Sci Jeddah 21(1):123–132
Albarakati AMA (2011) A hydrographic study of Ras Hatiba Lagoon, Red Sea. Int J Eng Sci 11(2):48–64
Albarakati AMA (2012) The flushing time of an environmentally sensitive Yanbu lagoon along the eastern Red Sea coast. Int J Sci Technol 1(1):53–58
Albarakati AMA, Ahmad F (2012) Water column conditions in a coastal lagoon near Jeddah, Red Sea. Oceanologia 54(4):675–685
Albarakati AMA, Alsaafani MA, Alraddadi TM (2016) Physical properties and water exchange in Sharm Obhur. Scientific Research Council, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Project No. G-114-150-1436
Al-Madani SA (2002) Variation of heat fluxes at the air-sea interface in the Red Sea. MSc thesis, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Aubrey DG, Speer PE (1985) A study of non-linear tidal propagation in shallow inlet/ estuarine systems, Part I: observations. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 21:185–206
Barnes RSK (1980) Coastal lagoons. Cambridge University Press, New York
Bolin B, Rodhe H (1973) A note on the concept of age distribution and transit time in natural reservoirs. Tellus 25:58–62
Cromwell BJ (1971) Barrier coast distribution: a world-wide survey. In: Abstract in second national coastal shallow water research conference, Baton Rouge
Edwards FJ (1987) Climate and oceanography. In: Edwards FJ, Head SM (eds) Red Sea. Pergamon Press, pp 45–68
Kjerfve B (1986) Comparative oceanography of coastal lagoons. In: Wolf DA (ed) Estuarine variability. Academic Press, New York
Kjerfve B (1994) Coastal lagoon processes. In: Elsevier Oceanography Series. Elsevier Science Publications, vol 60
Kjerfve B, Magill KE (1989) Geographic and hydrographic characteristics of shallow coastal lagoons. Mar Geol 88:187–199
Kjerfve B, Proehl JA (1979) Velocity variability in a cross-section of a well mixed estuary. J Mar Res 37:409–418
Knoppers B, Kjerfve B, Carmouze JP (1991) Trophic state and water turn over time in six choked coastal lagoons in Brazil. Biogeochemistry 14:149–166
Matsoukas C, Banks AC, Pavlakis KG (2007) Seasonal heat budget of the Red and Black Seas. J Geophys Res Ocean 112(C100):17
Mee LD (1978) Coastal Lagoons. In: Riley J, Skirrow O (eds) Chemical oceanography, vol 7, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York
Monsen NE, Cloern JE, Lucas LV (2002) A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time and age as transport time scales. Limnol Oceanogr 47(5):1545–1553
Moore NH, Slinn DJ (1984) The physical hydrology of a lagoon system on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 19:413–426
Phleger FB (1969) Some general features of coastal lagoons. In: Ayala-Castaneres A (ed) Lagunas coasteras. University Nac Autonomus de Mexico, Mexico, pp 5–26
Sikora WB, Kjerfve B (1985) Factors affecting the salinity of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, a shallow coastal lagoon: analysis of a long-term data set. Estuaries 8(2A):170–180
Simpson JH (1997) Physical processes in the ROFI regime. J Mar Syst 12(1–4):3–15
Simpson JH, Allen CM, Morris NCG (1978) Fronts on the continental shelf. J Geophys Res Ocean 83(C9):4607–4614
Simpson JH, Bowers DG (1981) Models of stratification and frontal measurements in shelf seas. Deep Sea Res 28(7):727–738
Simpson JH, Hunter JR (1974) Fronts in the Irish Sea. Nature 250:404–406
Speer PE, Aubrey DG (1985) A study of non-linear tidal propagation in shallow inlet/ estuarine systems. Part II: theory. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 21:207–224
Sultan SAR, Ahmad F (1990) Flushing of a costal lagoon in the Red Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 31:345–349
Sverdrup HU, Johnson MW, Fleming RH (1970) The oceans, their physics, chemistry and general biology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff
Vogel S (1981) Life in moving fluids, the physical biology of flow. Princeton University Press, Princeton, p 352
Yanagi T, Sachoemar SI, Takao T, Fujiwara S (2001) Seasonal variation of stratification in the Gulf of Thailand. J Oceanogr 57(4):461–470
Yanagi T, Takahashi S (1988) A tidal front influenced by river discharge. Dynam Atmos Ocean 12(2):191–206
Yanagi T, Tamaru H (1990) Temporal and spatial variables in tidal front. Cont Shelf Res 10(7):615–627
Zimmerman JF (1981) The flushing of well mixed tidal lagoons and its seasonal fluctuations. Coastal lagoon research. Present and future. In: Proceedings of UNESCO/IABO Seminar. UNESCO technical papers in marine science, vol 33
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Albarakati, A.M.A., Ahmad, F. (2019). Red Sea Coastal Lagoons: Their Dynamics and Future Challenges. In: Rasul, N., Stewart, I. (eds) Oceanographic and Biological Aspects of the Red Sea. Springer Oceanography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99417-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99417-8_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99416-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99417-8
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)