Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endocrine Therapy in Clinical Practice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Estrogen Receptor and Breast Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Drug Discovery and Development ((CDD&D))

Abstract

Endocrine therapy (ET) is the mainstay of treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer both in the early-stage as in the advanced disease settings. ET targets the ER pathway by blocking the body’s ability to produce estrogen or by directly modulating the ER. Since the estrogens are produced by the ovaries in premenopausal women and by some other tissues such as fat and skin in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, ET for premenopausal women is different from for postmenopausal women. Needless to say, therapeutic options for early breast cancer are different to metastatic setting where more drugs are approved. This chapter will mainly review the clinical use of ET through all stages of breast cancer, with special considerations on recent advances in this field like ovarian function suppression in premenopausal patients with higher-risk early-stage tumors and the incorporation of targeted therapies that aim to circumvent mechanisms of endocrine resistance in metastatic ER+ breast cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Reinert T, Barrios C (2015) Optimal management of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer in 2016. Ther Adv Med Oncol 7(6):304–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Ma C, Reinert T, Chmielewska I, Ellis M (2015) Mechanisms of aromatase inhibitors resistance. Nat Rev Cancer 15:261–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Goncalves RWW, Luo J, Ellis MJ (2014) New concepts in breast cancer genomics and genetics. Breast Cancer Res 16:460

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Reinert T, Barrios C (2017) Overall survival and progression-free survival with endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: review. Ther Adv Med Oncol 9:693–709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Ciruelos EPT, Vozmediano MLA et al (2014) The therapeutic role of fulvestrant in the management of patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast 23:201–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. RObertson J, Bondarenko I, Trishkina E et al (2016) Fulvestrant 500 mg versus anastrozole 1 mg for hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer (FALCON): an international, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet 388:2997

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Di Leo A, Jerusalem G, Petruzelka L et al (2010) Results of the CONFIRM phase III trial comparing fulvestrant 250mg with fulvestrant 500mg in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 28(30):4594–4600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bines JDR, Obadia RM et al (2014) Activity of megestrol acetate in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer after nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor failure: a phase II trial. Ann Oncol 25(4):831–836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ellis MJ, Gao F, Dehdashti F, Jeffe DB, Marcom PK, Carey LA, Dickler MN, Silverman P, Fleming GF, Kommareddy A, Jamalabadi-Majidi S, Crowder R, Siegel BA (2009) Lower-dose vs high-dose oral estradiol therapy of hormone receptor-positive, aromatase inhibitor-resistant advanced breast cancer: a phase 2 randomized study. JAMA 302(7):774–780. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Gail MH, Brinton LA, Byar DP, Corle DK, Green SB, Schairer C, Mulvihill JJ (1989) Projecting individualized probabilities of developing breast cancer for white females who are being examined annually. J Natl Cancer Inst 81(24):1879–1886

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Visvanathan K, Chlebowski RT, Hurley P, Col NF, Ropka M, Collyar D, Morrow M, Runowicz C, Pritchard KI, Hagerty K, Arun B, Garber J, Vogel VG, Wade JL, Brown P, Cuzick J, Kramer BS, Lippman SM (2009) American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline update on the use of pharmacologic interventions including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition for breast cancer risk reduction. J Clin Oncol 27(19):3235–3258. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2008.20.5179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Ales-Martinez JE, Cheung AM, Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, McTiernan A, Robbins J, Johnson KC, Martin LW, Winquist E, Sarto GE, Garber JE, Fabian CJ, Pujol P, Maunsell E, Farmer P, Gelmon KA, Tu D, Richardson H (2011) Exemestane for breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 364(25):2381–2391. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1103507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, Dowsett M, Knox J, Cawthorn S, Saunders C, Roche N, Mansel RE, von Minckwitz G, Bonanni B, Palva T, Howell A (2014) Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women (IBIS-II): an international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 383(9922):1041–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62292-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wapnir IL, Dignam JJ, Fisher B, Mamounas EP, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, Land SR, Margolese RG, Swain SM, Costantino JP, Wolmark N (2011) Long-term outcomes of invasive ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences after lumpectomy in NSABP B-17 and B-24 randomized clinical trials for DCIS. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(6):478–488. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr027

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Pinder SE, Ellis IO, Forsyth S, Bundred NJ, Forbes JF, Bishop H, Fentiman IS, George WD (2011) Effect of tamoxifen and radiotherapy in women with locally excised ductal carcinoma in situ: long-term results from the UK/ANZ DCIS trial. Lancet Oncol 12(1):21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(10)70266-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fisher B, Dignam J, Wolmark N, Mamounas E, Costantino J, Poller W, Fisher ER, Wickerham DL, Deutsch M, Margolese R, Dimitrov N, Kavanah M (1998) Lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of intraductal breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-17. J Clin Oncol 16(2):441–452. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.1998.16.2.441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fisher B, Dignam J, Wolmark N, Wickerham DL, Fisher ER, Mamounas E, Smith R, Begovic M, Dimitrov NV, Margolese RG, Kardinal CG, Kavanah MT, Fehrenbacher L, Oishi RH (1999) Tamoxifen in treatment of intraductal breast cancer: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-24 randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 353(9169):1993–2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)05036-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Staley H, McCallum I, Bruce J (2012) Postoperative tamoxifen for ductal carcinoma in situ. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:Cd007847. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007847.pub2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Margolese RG, Cecchini RS, Julian TB, Ganz PA, Costantino JP, Vallow LA, Albain KS, Whitworth PW, Cianfrocca ME, Brufsky AM, Gross HM, Soori GS, Hopkins JO, Fehrenbacher L, Sturtz K, Wozniak TF, Seay TE, Mamounas EP, Wolmark N (2016) Anastrozole versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with ductal carcinoma in situ undergoing lumpectomy plus radiotherapy (NSABP B-35): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet (London, England) 387(10021):849–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01168-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. (EBCTCG)† EBCTCG (2015) Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in early breast cancer: patient-level meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Lancet 386(10001):1341–1352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Burstein HJ, Lacchetti C, Anderson H, Buchholz TA, Davidson NE, Gelmon KE, Giordano SH, Hudis CA, Solky AJ, Stearns V, Winer EP, Griggs JJ (2016) Adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with hormone receptor–positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on ovarian suppression. J Clin Oncol 34(14):1689–1701. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.65.9573

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pagani O, Regan MM, Walley BA, Fleming GF, Colleoni M, Lang I, Gomez HL, Tondini C, Burstein HJ, Perez EA, Ciruelos E, Stearns V, Bonnefoi HR, Martino S, Geyer CE Jr, Pinotti G, Puglisi F, Crivellari D, Ruhstaller T, Winer EP, Rabaglio-Poretti M, Maibach R, Ruepp B, Giobbie-Hurder A, Price KN, Bernhard J, Luo W, Ribi K, Viale G, Coates AS, Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A, Francis PA (2014) Adjuvant exemestane with ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med 371(2):107–118. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1404037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Francis PA, Regan MM, Fleming GF, Lang I, Ciruelos E, Bellet M, Bonnefoi HR, Climent MA, Da Prada GA, Burstein HJ, Martino S, Davidson NE, Geyer CE Jr, Walley BA, Coleman R, Kerbrat P, Buchholz S, Ingle JN, Winer EP, Rabaglio-Poretti M, Maibach R, Ruepp B, Giobbie-Hurder A, Price KN, Colleoni M, Viale G, Coates AS, Goldhirsch A, Gelber RD (2015) Adjuvant ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med 372(5):436–446. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1412379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Regan MM, Francis PA, Pagani O, Fleming GF, Walley BA, Viale G, Colleoni M, Lang I, Gomez HL, Tondini C, Pinotti G, Price KN, Coates AS, Goldhirsch A, Gelber RD (2016) Absolute benefit of adjuvant endocrine therapies for premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative early breast cancer: TEXT and SOFT trials. J Clin Oncol 34(19):2221–2231. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.64.3171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Baum M, Buzdar A, Howell A, Dowsett M, Forbes JF (2010) Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol 11(12):1135–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70257-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mouridsen H, Giobbie-Hurder A, Goldhirsch A, Thurlimann B, Paridaens R, Smith I, Mauriac L, Forbes J, Price KN, Regan MM, Gelber RD, Coates AS (2009) Letrozole therapy alone or in sequence with tamoxifen in women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 361(8):766–776. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Regan MM, Neven P, Giobbie-Hurder A, Goldhirsch A, Ejlertsen B, Mauriac L, Forbes JF, Smith I, Lang I, Wardley A, Rabaglio M, Price KN, Gelber RD, Coates AS, Thurlimann B (2011) Assessment of letrozole and tamoxifen alone and in sequence for postmenopausal women with steroid hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: the BIG 1-98 randomised clinical trial at 8.1 years median follow-up. Lancet Oncol 12(12):1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70270-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. van de Velde CJ, Rea D, Seynaeve C, Putter H, Hasenburg A, Vannetzel JM, Paridaens R, Markopoulos C, Hozumi Y, Hille ET, Kieback DG, Asmar L, Smeets J, Nortier JW, Hadji P, Bartlett JM, Jones SE (2011) Adjuvant tamoxifen and exemestane in early breast cancer (TEAM): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) 377(9762):321–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62312-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (2015) Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in early breast cancer: patient-level meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Lancet (London, England) 386(10001):1341–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61074-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Davies C, Pan H, Godwin J, Gray R, Arriagada R, Raina V, Abraham M, Alencar VHM, Badran A, Bonfill X, Bradbury J, Clarke M, Collins R, Davis SR, Delmestri A, Forbes JF, Haddad P, Hou M-F, Inbar M, Khaled H, Kielanowska J, Kwan W-H, Mathew BS, Mittra I, Müller B, Nicolucci A, Peralta O, Pernas F, Petruzelka L, Pienkowski T, Radhika R, Rajan B, Rubach MT, Tort S, Urrútia G, Valentini M, Wang Y, Peto R (2013) Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. Lancet 381(9869):805–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61963-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, Robert NJ, Muss HB, Piccart MJ, Castiglione M, Tu D, Shepherd LE, Pritchard KI, Livingston RB, Davidson NE, Norton L, Perez EA, Abrams JS, Therasse P, Palmer MJ, Pater JL (2003) A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med 349(19):1793–1802. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jin H, Tu D, Zhao N, Shepherd LE, Goss PE (2012) Longer-term outcomes of letrozole versus placebo after 5 years of tamoxifen in the NCIC CTG MA.17 trial: analyses adjusting for treatment crossover. J Clin Oncol 30(7):718–721. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.34.4010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, Robert NJ, Muss HB, Piccart MJ, Castiglione M, Tu D, Shepherd LE, Pritchard KI, Livingston RB, Davidson NE, Norton L, Perez EA, Abrams JS, Cameron DA, Palmer MJ, Pater JL (2005) Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptor-positive breast cancer: updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(17):1262–1271. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mamounas EP, Jeong JH, Wickerham DL, Smith RE, Ganz PA, Land SR, Eisen A, Fehrenbacher L, Farrar WB, Atkins JN, Pajon ER, Vogel VG, Kroener JF, Hutchins LF, Robidoux A, Hoehn JL, Ingle JN, Geyer CE Jr, Costantino JP, Wolmark N (2008) Benefit from exemestane as extended adjuvant therapy after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen: intention-to-treat analysis of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-33 trial. J Clin Oncol 26(12):1965–1971. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.14.0228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pan H, Gray R, Braybrooke J, Davies C, Taylor C, McGale P, Peto R, Pritchard KI, Bergh J, Dowsett M, Hayes DF (2017) 20-year risks of breast-cancer recurrence after stopping endocrine therapy at 5 years. N Engl J Med 377(19):1836–1846. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1701830

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Smith I (2014) Preoperative endocrine therapy for operable breast cancer. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Kent Osborne C (eds) Diseases of the breast: Fifth edition. Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Chiba A, Hoskin T, Heins C, Hunt K, Habermann E, Boughey J (2017) Trends in neoadjuvant endocrine therapy use and impact on rates of breast conservation in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: a National Cancer Data Base Study. Ann Surg Oncol 24:418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gray RG, Rea D, Handley K, Bowden SJ, Perry P, Earl HM, Poole CJ, Bates T, Chetiyawardana S, Dewar JA, Fernando IN, Grieve R, Nicoll J, Rayter Z, Robinson A, Salman A, Yarnold J, Bathers S, Marshall A, Lee M, Group obotaC (2013) aTTom: long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years in 6,953 women with early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 31(18_suppl):5. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.18_suppl.5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Davies C, Pan H, Godwin J, Gray R, Arriagada R, Raina V, Abraham M, Medeiros Alencar VH, Badran A, Bonfill X, Bradbury J, Clarke M, Collins R, Davis SR, Delmestri A, Forbes JF, Haddad P, Hou MF, Inbar M, Khaled H, Kielanowska J, Kwan WH, Mathew BS, Mittra I, Muller B, Nicolucci A, Peralta O, Pernas F, Petruzelka L, Pienkowski T, Radhika R, Rajan B, Rubach MT, Tort S, Urrutia G, Valentini M, Wang Y, Peto R (2013) Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. Lancet (London, England) 381(9869):805–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61963-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rea D, Gray R, Bowden S, Handley K, Earl H, Poole C, Bates T, Dewar J, Raytor Z, Lee M (2013) Overall and subgroup findings of the aTTom trial: a randomised comparison of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years compared to stopping after 5 years in 6953 women with ER positive or ER untested early breast cancer. . The European Cancer Congress, 2013 (2013) Scientific Programme – Proffered Papers. Eur J Cancer 49(Supplement 2):S298–S449 Abstract 1860

    Google Scholar 

  41. Tjan-Heijnen VCG, van Hellemond IEG, Peer PGM, Swinkels ACP, Smorenburg CH, van der Sangen MJC, Kroep JR, De Graaf H, Honkoop AH, Erdkamp FLG, van den Berkmortel F, de Boer M, de Roos WK, Linn SC, Imholz ALT, Seynaeve CM (2017) Extended adjuvant aromatase inhibition after sequential endocrine therapy (DATA): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 18(11):1502–1511. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30600-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Blok EJ, Kroep JR, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Duijm-de Carpentier M, Putter H, van den Bosch J, Maartense E, van Leeuwen-Stok AE, Liefers GJ, Nortier JWR, Rutgers EJT, van de Velde CJH (2018) Optimal duration of extended adjuvant endocrine therapy for early breast cancer; results of the IDEAL trial (BOOG 2006-05). J Natl Cancer Inst 110(1):40. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djx134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Mamounas E, Bandos H, Lembersky B, Geyer C, Fehrenbacher L, Graham M, Chia S, Brufsky A, Hennessy B, Soori G, Dakil S, Seay T, Wade J, McCarron E, Paik S, Swain S, Wickerham D, Wolmark N (2017) Abstract S1–05: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of extended adjuvant endocrine therapy (tx) with letrozole (L) in postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor (+) breast cancer (BC) who have completed previous adjuvant tx with an aromatase inhibitor (AI): results from NRG oncology/NSABP B-42. Cancer Res 77(4 Supplement):S1-05-S01-05. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-s1-05

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Pritchard KI, Robert NJ, Muss H, Gralow J, Gelmon K, Whelan T, Strasser-Weippl K, Rubin S, Sturtz K, Wolff AC, Winer E, Hudis C, Stopeck A, Beck JT, Kaur JS, Whelan K, Tu D, Parulekar WR (2016) Extending aromatase-inhibitor adjuvant therapy to 10 years. N Engl J Med 375(3):209–219. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1604700

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Jakesz R, Greil R, Gnant M, Schmid M, Kwasny W, Kubista E, Mlineritsch B, Tausch C, Stierer M, Hofbauer F, Renner K, Dadak C, Rucklinger E, Samonigg H (2007) Extended adjuvant therapy with anastrozole among postmenopausal breast cancer patients: results from the randomized Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group trial 6a. J Natl Cancer Inst 99(24):1845–1853. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Goldvaser H, Barnes TA, Seruga B, Cescon DW, Ocana A, Ribnikar D, Amir E (2018) Toxicity of extended adjuvant therapy with aromatase inhibitors in early breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 110(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djx141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Bliss JM, Kilburn LS, Coleman RE, Forbes JF, Coates AS, Jones SE, Jassem J, Delozier T, Andersen J, Paridaens R, van de Velde CJ, Lonning PE, Morden J, Reise J, Cisar L, Menschik T, Coombes RC (2012) Disease-related outcomes with long-term follow-up: an updated analysis of the intergroup exemestane study. J Clin Oncol 30(7):709–717. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.33.7899

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jakesz R, Jonat W, Gnant M, Mittlboeck M, Greil R, Tausch C, Hilfrich J, Kwasny W, Menzel C, Samonigg H, Seifert M, Gademann G, Kaufmann M, Wolfgang J (2005) Switching of postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer to anastrozole after 2 years’ adjuvant tamoxifen: combined results of ABCSG trial 8 and ARNO 95 trial. Lancet (London, England) 366(9484):455–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67059-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kaufmann M, Jonat W, Hilfrich J, Eidtmann H, Gademann G, Zuna I, von Minckwitz G (2007) Improved overall survival in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer after anastrozole initiated after treatment with tamoxifen compared with continued tamoxifen: the ARNO 95 study. J Clin Oncol 25(19):2664–2670. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.08.8054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Dubsky PC, Jakesz R, Mlineritsch B, Postlberger S, Samonigg H, Kwasny W, Tausch C, Stoger H, Haider K, Fitzal F, Singer CF, Stierer M, Sevelda P, Luschin-Ebengreuth G, Taucher S, Rudas M, Bartsch R, Steger GG, Greil R, Filipcic L, Gnant M (2012) Tamoxifen and anastrozole as a sequencing strategy: a randomized controlled trial in postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer from the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 30(7):722–728. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.36.8993

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Boccardo F, Guglielmini P, Bordonaro R, Fini A, Massidda B, Porpiglia M, Roagna R, Serra P, Orzalesi L, Ucci G, Rubagotti A (2013) Switching to anastrozole versus continued tamoxifen treatment of early breast cancer: long term results of the Italian tamoxifen anastrozole trial. Eur J Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990) 49(7):1546–1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Coombes RC, Kilburn LS, Snowdon CF, Paridaens R, Coleman RE, Jones SE, Jassem J, Van de Velde CJ, Delozier T, Alvarez I, Del Mastro L, Ortmann O, Diedrich K, Coates AS, Bajetta E, Holmberg SB, Dodwell D, Mickiewicz E, Andersen J, Lonning PE, Cocconi G, Forbes J, Castiglione M, Stuart N, Stewart A, Fallowfield LJ, Bertelli G, Hall E, Bogle RG, Carpentieri M, Colajori E, Subar M, Ireland E, Bliss JM (2007) Survival and safety of exemestane versus tamoxifen after 2-3 years’ tamoxifen treatment (intergroup exemestane study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 369(9561):559–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60200-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jonat W, Gnant M, Boccardo F, Kaufmann M, Rubagotti A, Zuna I, Greenwood M, Jakesz R (2006) Effectiveness of switching from adjuvant tamoxifen to anastrozole in postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early-stage breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 7(12):991–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(06)70948-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Reinert T, Ramalho S, Gonçalves R, Barrios C, Graudenz M, Bines J et al (2016) Multidisciplinary approach to neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer: a comprehensive review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 38(12):615–622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Peto R, Davies C, Godwin J et al (2012) Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcomes among 100.000 women in 123 randomised trials. Lancet 379(9814):432–444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lee B, Liedke P, Barrios C et al (2012) Breast cancer in Brazil: present status and future goals. Lancet Oncol 13:e95–e102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Reinert T, Gonçalves R, Ellis M (2018) Current status of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in early stage breast cancer. Curr Treat Options in Oncol 19(5):23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Ellis M, Suman V, Hoog J et al (2011) Randomized phase II neoadjuvant comparison between letrozole, anastrozole, and exemestane for postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor–rich stage 2 to 3 breast cancer: clinical and biomarker outcomes and predictive value of the baseline PAM50-based intrinsic subtype—ACOSOG Z1031. J Clin Oncol 29(17):2342–2349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. DIxon J, Renshhaw L, Mackaskill EJ et al (2009) Increase in response rate by prolonged treatment with neoadjuvant letrozole. Breast Cancer Res Treat 113(1):145–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Carpenter R, Doughty J, Cordiner C et al (2014) Optimum duration of neoadjuvant letrozole to permit breast conserving surgery. Breast Cancer Res Treat 144(3):569–576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Smith IE, Dowsett M, Ebbs SR, Dixon JM, Skene A, Blohmer JU, Ashley SE, Francis S, Boeddinghaus I, Walsh G (2005) Neoadjuvant treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer with anastrozole, tamoxifen, or both in combination: the immediate preoperative anastrozole, tamoxifen, or combined with tamoxifen (IMPACT) multicenter double-blind randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 23(22):5108–5116. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.04.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Eiermann W, Paepke S, Appfelstaedt J et al (2001) Preoperative treatment of postmenopasusal breast cancer patients with letrozole: a randomized double-blind multicenter study. Ann Oncol 12:1527–1532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Cataliotti L, Buzdar A, Noguchi S, Bines J et al (2006) Comparison of anastrozole versus tamoxifen as preoperative therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer the pre-operative “Arimidex” compared to tamoxifen (PROACT) trial. Cancer 106(10):2095–2103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Masuda N, Sagara Y, Kinoshita T et al (2012) Neoadjuvant anastrozole versus tamoxifen in patients receiving goserelin for premenopausal breast cancer (STAGE): a double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 13(4):345–352

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Semiglazov V (2005) Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy: exemestane vs tamoxifen in postmenopausal ER+ breast cancer patients (T1-4, N1-2, M0). J Clin Oncol 23(11s):Abstract 530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Lerebours F, Bourgier C, Alran S et al (2012) Abstract PD07-04: a randomized phase II neoadjuvant trial evaluating anastrozole and fulvestrant efficiency for post-menopausal ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer patients: first results of the UNICANCER CARMINA 02 French trial. Cancer Res 72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD07-04

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Semiglazov V, Semiglazov V, Dashyan G et al (2007) Phase 2 randomized trial of primary endocrine therapy versus chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer 110:244–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Alba E, Calvo L, Albanell L et al (2012) Chemotherapy and hormonetherapy as neoadjuvant treatment in luminal breast cancer patients: results from the GEICAM/2006-03, a multicenter, randomized, phase II study. Ann Oncol 23(12):3069–3074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Palmieri C, Cleator S, Kliburn L et al (2014) NEOCENT: a randomised feasibility and translational study comparing neoadjuvant endocrine therapy with chemotherapy in ER-rich postmenopausal primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 148(3):581–590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cottu P et al (2017) LBA9 – letrozole and palbociclib versus 3rd generation chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment of luminal breast cancer. Results of the UNICANCER-NeoPAL study. Ann Oncol 28(Suppl 5):Abstr LBA9

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ellis MJ, Tao Y, Luo J, A’Hern R, Evans DB, Bhatnagar AS, Chaudri Ross HA, von Kameke A, Miller WR, Smith I, Eiermann W, Dowsett M (2008) Outcome prediction for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer based on postneoadjuvant endocrine therapy tumor characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(19):1380–1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E et al (2016) 3rd ESO–ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol 28:16–33

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Barrios CHFJ, Jonat W et al (2012) The sequential use of endocrine treatment for advanced breast cancer: where are we? Ann Oncol 23:1378–1386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Finn R, Martin M, Rugo H et al (2016) PALOMA-2: primary results from a phase III trial of palbociclib (P) with letrozole (L) compared with letrozole alone in postmenopausal women with ER+/HER2– advanced breast cancer (ABC). J Clin Oncol 34(suppl):abstr 507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Hortobagyi G, Stemmer S, Burris H et al (2016) Ribociclib as first-line therapy for HR-positive, advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 375:1738–1748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Goetz M, Toi M, Campone M, Sohn J et al (2017) MONARCH 3: abemaciclib as initial therapy for advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 35:3638–3646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Tripathy D et al (2017) First-line ribociclib vs placebo with goserelin and tamoxifen or a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor in premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: results from the randomized phase III MONALEESA-7 trial. In: SABCS proceedings

    Google Scholar 

  78. Finn R, Martin M, Rugo H, Jones S, Im S, Gelmon K et al (2016) Palbociclib and letrozole in advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 375(20):1926–1936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Finn RS, Crown JP, Lang I et al (2015) The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised phase 2 stud. Lancet Oncol 16:25–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hortobagyi G, Stemmer S, Burris H, Yap Y, Sonke G, Paluch-Shimon S et al (2018) Updated results from MONALEESA-2, a phase 3 trial of first-line ribociclib + letrozole in hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2–), advanced breast cancer (ABC). J Clin Oncol 29:1541–1547

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Goetz M, Toi M, Klise S, Frenzel M, Bourayou N, Di Leo A et al (2015) MONARCH 3: a randomized phase III study of anastrozole or letrozole plus abemaciclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, or placebo in firstline treatment of women with HR+, HER2locoregionally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer (MBC). J Clin Oncol 33:abstract TPS624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Wolff A (2017) CDK4 and CDK6 inhibition in breast cancer - a new standard. N Engl J Med 375(20):1993–1994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Ellis M (2004) Overcoming endocrine therapy resistance by signal transduction inhibition. Oncologist 9(suppl 3):20–26. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.9-suppl_3-20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Baselga J, Campone M, Piccart M, Burris HA 3rd, Rugo HS, Sahmoud T, Noguchi S, Gnant M, Pritchard KI, Lebrun F, Beck JT, Ito Y, Yardley D, Deleu I, Perez A, Bachelot T, Vittori L, Xu Z, Mukhopadhyay P, Lebwohl D, Hortobagyi GN (2012) Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 366(6):520–529. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Yardley D, Noguchi S, Pritchard K et al (2013) Everolimus plus exemestane in postmenopausal patients with HR(+) breast cancer: BOLERO-2 final progression-free survival analysis. Adv Ther 30(10):870–884

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Turner NCRJ, André F et al (2015) Palbociclib in hormone-receptor positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 373:1672–1673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sledge G, Toi M, Neven P et al (2017) MONARCH 2: abemaciclib in combination with fulvestrant in women with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer who had progressed while receiving endocrine therapy. J Clin Oncol 35(25):2875–2884

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Di Leo A, Jerusalem G, Petruzelka L et al (2014) Final overall survival: fulvestrant 500mg vs 250mg in the randomized CONFIRM trial. J Nat Cancer Inst 106(1):337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Turner NC, Ro J, Andre F, Loi S, Verma S, Iwata H, Harbeck N, Loibl S, Huang Bartlett C, Zhang K, Giorgetti C, Randolph S, Koehler M, Cristofanilli M, Group PS (2015) Palbociclib in hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 373(3):209–219. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Chavarri-Guerra YHM, Szymonifka J, Cigler T, Liedke P, Partridge A et al (2014) Drug withdrawal in women with progressive metastatic breast cancer while on aromatase inhibitor therapy. Br J Cancer 111(11):2046–2050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Buchanan RBBR, Durrant KR et al (1986) A randomized comparison of tamoxifen with surgical oophorectomy in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 4:1326–1330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Boccardo FRA, Perrotta A et al (1994) Ovarian ablation versus goserelin with or without tamoxifen in pre-perimenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer: results of a multicentric Italian study. Ann Oncol 5:337–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Klijn JGBR, Boccardo F et al (2001) Combined tamoxifen and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist versus LHRH agonist alone in premenopausal advanced breast cancer: a meta-analysis of four randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 19:343–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Klijn JGBL, Mauriac L et al (2000) Combined treatment with buserelin and tamoxifen in premenopausal metastatic breast cancer: a randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:903–911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Park IHRJ, Lee KS et al (2010) Phase II parallel group study showing comparable efficacy between premenopausal metastatic breast cancer patients treated with letrozole plus goserelin and postmenopausal patients treated with letrozole alone as first-line hormone therapy. J Clin Oncol 28:2705–2711

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Carlson RWTR, Schurman CM, Rivera E, Chung CT, Phan SP et al (2010) Phase II trial of anastrozole plus goserelin in the treatment of hormone receptor–positive, metastatic carcinoma of the breast in premenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 28:3917–3921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Ellis MJ, Ding L, Shen D, Luo J, Suman VJ, Wallis JW, Van Tine BA, Hoog J, Goiffon RJ, Goldstein TC, Ng S, Lin L, Crowder R, Snider J, Ballman K, Weber J, Chen K, Koboldt DC, Kandoth C, Schierding WS, McMichael JF, Miller CA, Lu C, Harris CC, McLellan MD, Wendl MC, DeSchryver K, Allred DC, Esserman L, Unzeitig G, Margenthaler J, Babiera GV, Marcom PK, Guenther JM, Leitch M, Hunt K, Olson J, Tao Y, Maher CA, Fulton LL, Fulton RS, Harrison M, Oberkfell B, Du F, Demeter R, Vickery TL, Elhammali A, Piwnica-Worms H, McDonald S, Watson M, Dooling DJ, Ota D, Chang LW, Bose R, Ley TJ, Piwnica-Worms D, Stuart JM, Wilson RK, Mardis ER (2012) Whole-genome analysis informs breast cancer response to aromatase inhibition. Nature 486(7403):353–360. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Ellis MJ, Perou CM (2013) The genomic landscape of breast cancer as a therapeutic roadmap. Cancer Discov 3(1):27–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Miller C, Gindin Y, Lu C et al (2016) Aromatase inhibition remodels the clonal architecture of estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancers. Nat Commun 7:12498

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Tomas Reinert

  2. Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Ryoichi Matsunuma, Airi Han & Matthew J. Ellis

  3. First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan

    Ryoichi Matsunuma

  4. Hamamatsu Oncology Center, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan

    Ryoichi Matsunuma

  5. Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea

    Airi Han

Authors
  1. Tomas Reinert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ryoichi Matsunuma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Airi Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matthew J. Ellis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew J. Ellis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Xiaoting Zhang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Reinert, T., Matsunuma, R., Han, A., Ellis, M.J. (2019). Endocrine Therapy in Clinical Practice. In: Zhang, X. (eds) Estrogen Receptor and Breast Cancer. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99350-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99350-8_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99349-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99350-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation