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Crossability and Diversity of Eggplants and Their Wild Relatives

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The Eggplant Genome

Part of the book series: Compendium of Plant Genomes ((CPG))

Abstract

Eggplants and related germplasm are a barely unveiled genetic treasure, for reasons developed in Chap. 10. Diversity and interspecific crossability researches focused so far on Solanum melongena L., the economic importance of which towers that of the indigenous African S. aethiopicum L. and S. macrocarpon L. and which consequently attracted most of geneticists’ and breeders’ attention. However, as S. melongena shares many connections with eggplant germplasm as a whole, this chapter pays as much attention to this species as to the other cultivated and wild ones. Their genetic and phenotypic diversity is surveyed and critically analysed in order to place the reader at the crossroads between the present knowledge and desirable future researches in terms of both traits of interest to breeders and methods for assessing the diversity. The dense corpus of information about interspecific crossability is organised across several axes. Conventional sexual crosses and somatic hybridisations are presented separately, given both methods yield genetically different interspecific material. The section devoted to sexual crosses begins with a survey of the interspecific barriers, and with an overview of the crossing results that are discussed in their methodological dimensions, in particular the criteria assessing the success or failure of the crossing experiments. Then, the crossing results are structured according to the combinations of crosses within and between cultivated and wild material. Species crossability is discussed with regard to the genepool concept and to relationship between species assessed by phylogenetics. The section ends up with interspecific hybrid by-products such as male sterilities and information on traits genetics. The chapter turns then to somatic hybridisations; this part is structured according to groups of species (e.g. New World species) used as fusion partners of S. melongena, the pivotal taxon for most of the fusion experiments. The conclusions outline the limits of the present knowledge on eggplants germplasm diversity and crossability and suggest potential new research routes on these topics.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Agents of the bacterial wilt.

  2. 2.

    Transfer is possible either between cultivated eggplants or from wild species to cultivated eggplant, as well as from wild to wild when relevant.

  3. 3.

    The name S. xanthocarpum is extremely tricky because, depending on the author(s) names associated to it, it matches different accepted species names. In this very case that is S. xanthocarpon Schrad. & Wendl. that matches S. virginianum (Daunay et al. 1991).

  4. 4.

    In some cases, mismatch between constitutive pollen tube length and stigma length explains mechanically the incapability of the pollen of one species to reach the ovules of another species.

  5. 5.

    Parthenocarpic fruits can be the response of the ovary to hormones released through the stimulus of pollination.

  6. 6.

    Endosperm is a triploid tissue issued from the fertilization of two maternal and one paternal nuclei. Hence maternal and paternal genetic dosages differ (2 vs. 1).

  7. 7.

    Both these last troubles can be solved either with hormonal treatment of the hybrid plantlets in vitro (e.g. IAA, gibberellic acid) or by their grafting onto roots of one of their parents.

  8. 8.

    In any given species, chromosomes of each pair share a same genetic structure (homology), which allows their close pairing and the formation of bivalents during diakinesis and metaphase I of meiosis. The word “homeology” was coined for designating, for a given pair, the partial similarity between chromosomes originating from different parental species. When homeology between parental chromosomes is sufficient, the meiosis of an interspecific hybrid is possible, but because chromosomes similarity it incomplete, various abnormalities occur at various frequencies during the course of the meiotic divisions.

  9. 9.

    The fertility of the hybrids S. capense × S. melongena and S. cyaneopurpureum × S. melongena being not indicated (Table 11.7) we hypothesize here that they are fertile or partially fertile.

  10. 10.

    Both are found in the same geographical and ecological areas.

  11. 11.

    Because of this interfertility, Olet and Bukenya-Ziraba (2001) suggested S. campylacanthum and S. cerasiferum belong to the same biological species.

  12. 12.

    The biological species concept is based on successful interbreeding between the members of a given (biological) species, and their reproductive isolation from other species.

  13. 13.

    Interestingly, mature fruit colour of the hybrid between S. melongena (yellow) and S. scabrum (purple-black) was red (Oyelana et al. 2009).

  14. 14.

    This name is a synonym of the accepted name S. sessile, an American species of the Geminata Clade. However the species designated under this name in the publications on male sterility is probably another taxon.

  15. 15.

    Namely S. anguivi, S. dasyphyllum, S. incanum, S. insanum, S. lichtensteinii, S. linnaeanum and S. tomentosum.

  16. 16.

    Given P1 is the value of parent 1, P2 the value of parent 2, F1 the value of the F1 (P1 × P2), Heterosis H is calculated as H = 100 * ((F1 − (P1 + P2)/2)/(P1 − P2)/2).

  17. 17.

    Presence of anthocyanins, which confers purple or black fruit colour, is dominant over their absence.

  18. 18.

    Orange (S. violaceum) is dominant over yellow (S. melongena) mature fruit colour.

  19. 19.

    Mature fruits turned orange, an intermediate state between yellow (eggplant) and red (S. aethiopicum).

  20. 20.

    The sexual hybrid also phenotyped in Daunay et al. (1993) displayed 10–30% pollen stainability, very poor fruit set and parthenocarpic fruits.

  21. 21.

    Solanum melongena + S. nigrum PEG fusion between protoplast of Solanum nigrum and iodoacetate-inactivated eggplant protoplasts aimed at transferring atrazine (herbicide) resistance carried out by the chloroplasts of the wild partner into eggplant (Guri and Sink 1988b). The regenerated plants displayed S. nigrum cpDNA pattern and were resistant to atrazine in vitro. The single plant phenotyped resembled S. nigrum had white flowers (although the purple colour of eggplant flower is usually dominant) and sterile (no stainable pollen grains).

    This means that any part of eggplant chromosomes can be integrated.

  22. 22.

    It is possible for instance, that when looked at more closely in the future, eggplants resistance to Fusarium oxysp. f. sp. melongenae will reveal interactions with the fungus diversity, as it is the case for tomato (different genitors control different races of Fusarium oxysp. f. sp. lycopersici).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INRA Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (UR1052), CS60094, 84143, Montfavet Cedex, France

    Marie-Christine Daunay & Jérémy Salinier

  2. Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud/CNRS/AgroParisTech, Orsay, France

    Xavier Aubriot

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  1. Marie-Christine Daunay
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  2. Jérémy Salinier
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  3. Xavier Aubriot
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Correspondence to Marie-Christine Daunay .

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  1. Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Mark A. Chapman

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Daunay, MC., Salinier, J., Aubriot, X. (2019). Crossability and Diversity of Eggplants and Their Wild Relatives. In: Chapman, M. (eds) The Eggplant Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99208-2_11

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