Abstract
Eggplant is a generic name encompassing several species of Solanum cultivated for their fruits, in particular the aubergine (S. melongena L.) of East Asian origin, and the two African indigenous Scarlet (S. aethiopicum L.) and Gboma (S. macrocarpon L.) eggplants. These three species are closely related to each other and share a common set of numerous wild relatives, all belonging to the megadiverse subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter (also known as the spiny solanums). As a whole, the taxonomic and phylogenetic treatment of these wild species is arduous and unstable, mostly due to their high number and the rapid evolution of the technical tools and conceptual approaches used for assessing their relationships. Large scale and carefully sampled phylogenetic studies of the last decade have dramatically improved our in-depth understanding of genus Solanum. Eggplant’s closest relatives are African and Asian species belonging to subgenus Leptostemonum; but species of the same subgenus that originate from Australia, the Pacific and the Americas also deserve attention. Here, we provide a historical survey of the last taxonomic treatments and phylogenetic analyses for genus Solanum. We hope that this will familiarise the reader with this wide topic and will ease up his/her orientation through the specialised and extensive literature. Updated inventories of eggplants and related species organised by geographical areas of origin are completed with information as to whether the species are maintained in ex situ collections. Challenges associated to ex situ eggplants germplasm conservation are also discussed. To complete the picture, other Solanum species that are sometimes allocated the generic term of eggplants are briefly mentioned.
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Notes
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Anatomically speaking, Solanum species produce prickles which derive from epidermis tissues; they can be found anywhere on the aerial parts of the plant.
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Also, given the high number of spiny solanum species originating from Australia and the New World, their still ongoing taxonomic treatment, and their frequent absence from publications relating to eggplants, it is useless (and arduous) to provide here full-length lists of them.
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Renamed International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) in 1991, and Bioversity International in 2006.
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Center for vegetables genetic resources (https://www6.paca.inra.fr/gafl_eng/Vegetables-GRC/Our-Collections).
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Hybrids of Solanum aethiopicum are currently being developed by several European seed companies.
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For instance, Australian materials adapted to arid conditions do not stand drip irrigation under plastic mulch and wither away.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Inventory of African, Malagasy and West Asian spiny solanums
Species | Species names, when mentioned additionally or differently in Daunay and Hazra (2012) | Geographical distribution | Phylogenetic grouping (clade or grade) | Historical section | Exist in ex situ collections? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. aculeastrum Dunal | – | Africa, down 10°N | Aculeastrum | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. adoense Hochst. ex A.Rich. | S. piperiferum A.Rich. | North-Eastern Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. aethiopicum L. | S. gilo Raddi, S. zuccagnianum Dunal | Tropical subsaharan Africa & Madagascar | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA and others |
S. agnewiorum Voronts. | – | Kenya | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. aldabrense C.H.Wright | – | Seychelles islands | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. anguivi Lam. | S. indicum L., S. rohrii C.H. Wright | Africa (mostly between 15 °N and 25 °S) | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA and others |
S. anomalum Thonn. | – | Central West Africa | Giganteum | Torva Nees | – |
S. arundo Mattei | S. diplacanthum Dammer | Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania | Arundo | Ischyracanthum Bitter | INRA |
S. aureitomentosum Bitter | – | Africa: spread from 5° to 20° latitude S | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. batoides D’Arcy & Rakotozafy | – | Madagascar | Madagascar | Croatianum D’Arcy & Keating | – |
S. bumeliifolium Dunal | – | Madagascar | Madagascar | Croatianum D’Arcy & Keating | – |
S. burchellii Dunal | – | South Africa and Namibia | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. campylacanthum Hochst. ex A.Rich. | S. incanum group A and B, S. delagoense Dunal, S. panduriforme Drège ex Dunal | Southern and eastern Africa | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | INRA and others |
S. capense L. | S. dinteri Bitter, S. namaquense Dammer | Namibia and South Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA and others |
S. catombelense Peyr. | S. rautanenii Schinz | Southern Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. cerasiferum Dunal | – | Subsaharan Africa, from Senegal to Sudan | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. coagulans Forsskal | S. dubium Fresen., S. thruppii C.H.Wright | Eastern corner of Africa; limited occurrence on Arabian peninsula | Coagulans | Monodolichopus Bitter | INRA |
S. cordatum Forsskal | S. darassumense Dammer, S. gracilipes Decne. | Africa horn, Arabian peninsula east to Northern India | – | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. croatii D’Arcy & Keating | – | Madagascar | Madagascar | Croatianum D’Arcy & Keating | – |
S. cyaneopurpureum De Willd. | – | Central Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. cymbalariifolium Chiov. | – | Somalia | – | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. dasyphyllum Schumach. & Thonn. | S. acanthoideum Drège ex Dunal | Africa: common between ca. 15 °N and ca. 10 °S | Anguivi grade | Melongena Dunal | INRA & others |
S. dennekense Dammer | S. ogadense Bitter | Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania | Arundo | Ischyracanthum Bitter | INRA |
S. erythracanthum Dunal | S. flagelliferum Baker, S. nossibeense Vatke | Madagascar | Madagascar | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. forskalii Dunal | S. albicaule Kotschy ex Dunal | Common in Eastern Africa and Arabian peninsula | – | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. giganteum Jacq. | – | Tropical and southeastern Africa, eastwards to India | Giganteum | Torva Nees | INRA |
S. glabratum Dunal | S. sepicula Dunal | North-eastern Africa and Arabia | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. goetzii Dammer | – | Southeastern Africa | Giganteum | Torva Nees | INRA |
S. hastifolium Hochst. ex Dunal | – | Tropical Eastern Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. heinianum D’Arcy & Keating | – | Madagascar | Madagascar | Croatianum D’Arcy & Keating | INRA |
S. humile Lam. | S. giftbergense Dunal, S. rigescens Jacq., S. rigescentoides Hutch., S. subrectimunitum Bitter | Southwestern Africa (Angola to South Africa) | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. inaequiradians Werderm. | – | Tanzania | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. incanum L. | – | Subsaharan Africa; north of equator, eastwards to western Pakistan | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | INRA & others |
S. jubae Bitter | – | Horn of Africa | – | Somalanum Bitter | – |
S. lamprocarpum Bitter | S. zanzibarense Vatke | Costal Tanzania and northern Mozambique | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. lanzae J.P.Lebrun & Stork | – | From Ethiopia to Tanzania | Eggplant | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. lichtensteinii Willd. | S. incanum group D | Southern Africa | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. lidii Sunding | – | Canary island | Anguivi grade | Nycterium (Vent.) Walp. | INRA |
S. linnaeanum Hepper & P.M.L.Jaeger | S. sodomeum Dunal (non L.) | South Africa, Mediterranean | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. litoraneum A.E.Gonç. | – | South Mozambique | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. macracanthum A.Richard | S. bellicosum Bitter | Ethiopia | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. macrocarpon L. | – | Cultivated across tropical Africa | Anguivi grade | Melongena Dunal | INRA and others |
S. mahoriense D’Arcy & Rakotozafy | – | Madagascar | Madagascar | Cryptocarpum Dunal | INRA |
S. malindiense Voronts. | – | Kenya (coastal) | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. marginatum L.f. | – | Ethiopia and Erithrea | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. mauense Bitter | – | Kenya, Tanzania | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. melastomoides C.H.Wright | – | Horn of Africa | Coagulans | Monodolichopus Bitter | – |
S. myoxotrichum Baker | – | Madagascar | Madagascar | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. nigriviolaceum Bitter | S. sessilistellatum Bitter | Kenya | Anguivi grade | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. pampaninii Chiov. | S. robecchii Bitter & Dammer | Somalia to Kenya | – | Somalanum Bitter | – |
S. pauperum C.H.Wright | – | Angola | Giganteum | Torva Nees | – |
S. phoxocarpum Voronts. | – | Kenya, Tanzania | Aculeastrum | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. platacanthum Dunal | – | Arabian peninsula | Anguivi grade | – | – |
S. polhillii Voronts. | – | Kenya, Tanzania | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. pyracanthos Lam. | – | Madagascar | Madagascar | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. richardii Dunal | – | Southeastern Africa and Madagascar | Climbing | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. rigidum Lam. | – | Cape verde islands | Eggplant | – | – |
S. rubetorum Dunal | S. rigescens Dunal (non Jacq.) | South Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. ruvu Voronts. | – | Tanzania | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. schimperianum Hochst. ex A.Rich. | – | North-eastern Africa, across the Middle East to India | Giganteum | Torva Nees | INRA |
S. schliebenii Werderm. | – | Tanzania | Giganteum | Torva Nees | – |
S. schumannianum Dammer | S. kagehense Dammer | Central eastern Africa | Giganteum | Torva Nees | – |
S. setaceum Dammer | – | Northern Tanzania and southern Kenya | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. sodomaeodes Kuntze | – | South Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. somalense Franch. | – | Horn of Africa | Giganteum | Anisantherum Bitter | INRA |
S. stipitatostellatum Dammer | S. kitivuense Dammer | Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique | Climbing | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. supinum Dunal | S. leucophaeum Dunal | Southern Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA and others |
S. taitense Vatke | – | Kenya, Tanzania | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. tettense Klotzsch | S. renschii Vatke, S. kwebense N.E.Br. | Widespread in Eastern Africa (down Somalia), and southern Africa (up to Angola) | Giganteum | Torva Nees | INRA |
S. thomsonii C.H.Wright | – | Tanzania | Aculeastrum | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. toliaraea D’Arcy & Rakotozafy | – | Madagascar | Madagascar | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. tomentosum L. | S. coccineum Jacq. | Southern South Africa | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. torreanum A.E.Gonçalves | – | Area at the junction of Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. umtuma Voronts. & S.Knapp | – | KwaZulu Natal and Eastern South Africa | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. usambarense Bitter & Dammer | – | Tanzania and Kenya | Eggplant | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. usaramense Dammer | – | Southern Kenya to Mozambique | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. vespertilio Aiton | – | Canary island | Anguivi grade | Nycterium (Vent.) Walp. | INRA |
S. wittei Robyns | – | Uganda to Tanzania | Giganteum | Torva Nees | – |
S. zanzibarense Vatke | S. monotanthum Dammer, S. vagans C.H.Wright | Coastal areas of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique | Climbing | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
Appendix 2
Inventory of tropical Asian spiny solanums
Species | Geographical distribution | Phylogenetic grouping (clade or grade) | Historical section | Exist in ex situ collections? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
S. abortivum Symon | Papua New Guinea | – | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. anfractum Symon | Indonesia (West Papua), Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. athenae Symon | Papua New Guinea | S. athenae and relatives | Lasiocarpa Dunal (D’Arcy) | – |
S. barbisetum Nees | China, Indian subcontinent, Indochinese Peninsula | – | – | – |
S. borgmannii Symon | Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. camranhense Dy Phon & Hul. | Vietnam | S. camranhense and relatives | – | – |
S. comitis Dunal | Indonesia (Java) | – | – | – |
S. cyanocarphium Blume | Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra), Philippines | S. cyanocarphium and S. sakhanii | – | – |
S. dallmannianum Warb. | Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. dammerianum Lauterb. & K.Schum | Indonesia (West Papua), Papua New Guinea | Old World torvoids | Torvum Nees | – |
S. deflexicarpum C.Y.Wu and S.C.Huang | China (Yunnan) | S. violaceum and relatives | – | – |
S. denseaculeatum Symon | Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. dunalianum Gaudich. | Indonesia, Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Dunalianum (Bitter) Symon | – |
S. expedunculatum Symon | Papua New Guinea | S. expedunculatum and relatives | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. gibbsiae J.Drumm. | Indonesia, Papua New Guinea | – | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. graciliflorum Dunal | Indonesia | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. harmandii Bonati | Cambodia | – | – | – |
S. heteracanthum Merr. & L.M.Perry | Indonesia (West Papua), Papua New Guinea | S. expedunculatum and relatives | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. hovei Dunal | India (Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala) | S. violaceum and relatives | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. incanoalabastrum Symon | Papua New Guinea | – | Dunalianum (Bitter) Symon | – |
S. infuscatum Symon | Papua New Guinea | – | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. insanum L. (1) | China, Indian subcontinent, Indochinese Peninsula, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malesia | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | INRA & others |
S. involucratum Blume | Indochinese Peninsula, Indonesia | S. expedunculatum and relatives | – | – |
S. lasiocarpum Dunal | China, Indian subcontinent, Indochinese Peninsula, Indonesia, Malesia, Papua New Guinea | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | INRA & others |
S. leptacanthum Merr. & L.M.Perry | Papua New Guinea | S. athenae and relatives | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. lianoides Elmer | Philipines (Sibuyan) | Sahul-Pacific | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. melongena L. (2) | Cultivated worldwide | Eggplant | Melongena Dunal | many genebanks |
S. missimense Symon | Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. multiflorum Roth | Indian subcontinent (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | S. violaceum and relatives | – | – |
S. nienkui Merr. & Chun | China (Hainan), Viet Nam | S. camranhense and relatives | – | – |
S. nolense Symon | Papua New Guinea | – | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. papuanum Symon | Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. peekelii Bitter | Papua New Guinea | – | Dunalianum (Bitter) Symon | – |
S. peikuoense S.S.Ying | Taiwan | Old World torvoids | – | – |
S. platacanthum Dunal | Arabian peninsula | Anguivi Grade | – | – |
S. poka Dunal | Indonesia | Old World torvoids | – | – |
S. praetermissum Kerr | China, Indian subcontinent, Indochinese Peninsula | – | – | – |
S. procumbens Lour. | China, Indochinese Peninsula | S. expedunculatum and relatives | – | – |
S. pseudosaponaceum Blume | China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Philipines, Taiwan | Old World torvoids | Torvum Nees | – |
S. pubescens Willd. | Indian subcontinent, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Yemen | Giganteum | Anisantherum Bitter | – |
S. putii Kerr ex Barnett | Thailand | S. camranhense and relatives | – | – |
S. retrorsum Elmer | Philippines (Luzon) | – | – | – |
S. rivicola Symon | Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. robinsonii Bonati | Vietnam (Cam Ranh) | – | – | – |
S. saruwagedensis Symon | Papua New Guinea | – | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. schefferi F.Muell. | Papua New Guinea | S. athenae and relatives | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. tetrandrum R.Br. | Papua New Guinea | – | Dunalianum (Bitter) Symon | – |
S. torricellense Bitter | Papua New Guinea | – | Dunalianum (Bitter) Symon | – |
S. torvoideum Merr. & L.M.Perry | Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan | Old World torvoids | Torvum Nees | – |
S. trichostylum Merr. & L.M.Perry | Indonesia (West Papua), Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. trilobatum L. | Indian subcontinent, Indochinese Peninsula, Sri Lanka | Anguivi grade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA & others |
S. turraeaefolium S.Moore | Papua New Guinea | Sahul-Pacific | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. violaceum Ortega (3) | China, Indian subcontinent, Indochinese Peninsula, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malesia, Mauritius | S. violaceum and relatives | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA & others |
S. virginianum L. (4) | Afghanistan, China, Indian subcontinent, Iran, Yemen | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA & others |
S. viridifolium Dunal | Australia, Papua New Guinea | – | Dunalianum (Bitter) Symon | – |
S. wightii Nees | India (Tamil Nadu) | – | – | – |
Appendix 3
Partial inventory of Australian spiny solanums
Species | Phylogenetic grouping | Historical section | Exist in ex situ collection? |
|---|---|---|---|
S. asymmetriphyllum Specht | – | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. beaugleholei Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. campanulatum Symon | Sahul-Pacific clade | Campanulata Symon | INRA |
S. carduiforme F.Muell. | – | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. cataphractum A.Cunn. ex Benth. | – | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. centrale J.M.Black | – | Leprophora Dunal | INRA |
S. chenopodinum F.Muell. | Sahul-Pacific clade | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. chippendalei Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. cinereum R.Br. | Sahul-Pacific clade | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. clarkiae Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. cleistogamum Symon | – | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | – |
S. cookii Symon | – | – | – |
S. cunninghamii Benth. | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. densevestitum F.Muell. ex Benth. | Sahul-Pacific clade | – | – |
S. dimorphospinum C.T.White | – | – | – |
S. dioicum W.Fitzg. | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. diversiflorum F.Muell. | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. eburneum Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. echinatum R.Br. | – | Leprophora Dunal | – |
S. ellipticum R.Br. | – | Leprophora Dunal | – |
S. esuriale Lindl. | – | Leprophora Dunal | INRA |
S. ferocissimum Lindl. | Sahul-Pacific clade | Graciliflorum (Dunal) Seithe | – |
S. furfuraceum R.Br. | Sahul-Pacific clade | – | – |
S. gympiense Symon | – | – | – |
S. heteropodium Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. hoplopetalum Bitter & Summerh. | – | – | – |
S. hystrix R.Br. | – | – | – |
S. leopoldensis Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. melanospermum F.Muell. | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. nemophilum F.Muell. | – | – | – |
S. nummularium S.Moore | – | – | – |
S. oedipus Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. oldfieldii F.Muell. | – | – | – |
S. oligandrum Symon | – | – | – |
S. papaverifolium Symon | Sahul-Pacific clade | – | – |
S. petraeum Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. phlomoides A.Cunn. ex. Benth. | – | Melongena Dunal | INRA |
S. prinophyllum Dunal | Sahul-Pacific clade | Oliganthes (Dunal) Bitter | INRA |
S. pugiunculiferum C.T.White | – | – | – |
S. sejunctum Brennan, Martine & Symon | – | – | – |
S. stelligerum Sm. | Sahul-Pacific clade | – | – |
S. stupefactum Symon | – | – | – |
S. tudununggae Symon | – | Melongena Dunal | – |
S. vansittartensis C.A.Gardner | – | Melongena Dunal | – |
Appendix 4
Partial inventory of New World spiny solanums
Species | Native to | Phylogenetic grouping (clade) | Historical sections | Exist in ex situ collections? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
S. absconditum Agra | Brazil | Erytrotrychum | – | – |
S. accrescens Standl. & C.V.Morton | Costa Rica | Erytrotrychum | Erythrotrichum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. acerifolium Dunal | Central and South America | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | – |
S. aculeatissimum Jacq. | South America (introduced in the Old World tropics; widespread in tropical Africa) | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | INRA |
S. acutilobum Dunal | Bolivia | Torva | – | – |
S. affine Sendtn. (1) | Brazil | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | INRA |
S. agrarium Sendtn. | Central and South America | Gardneri | Acanthophora Dunal | – |
S. albidum Dunal | South America | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. arachnidanthum Rusby | Bolivia, Brazil | Micracantha | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. aridum Morong | Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay | Carolinense | – | – |
S. asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav. | South America | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. asterophorum Mart. | Brazil | Asterophorum | Polytrichum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. asteropilodes Bitter | Ecuador | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. atropurpureum Schrank | South America | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | INRA |
S. aturense Dunal | Central and South America | Micracantha | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. bahamense L. | Carribean islands | Bahamense | Persicariae Dunal | – |
S. bolivianum Britton ex Risby | Bolivia | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. bonariense L. | South America (introduced in Asia and Europe) | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. buddleifolium Sendtn. | South America | Thomasiifolium | Persicariae Dunal | – |
S. campechiense L. | Central and South America, Carribean islands | – | Melongena subsect. Cryptocarpum (Dunal) G. Don | – |
S. candidum Lindl. (2) | Central and South America | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | INRA |
S. capsicoides All. | South America (introduced in tropical Asia) | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | INRA |
S. caricaefolium Rusby | Bolivia, Peru | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. carolinense L. | United States of America | Carolinense | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | – |
S. chrysotrichum Schltdl. (3) | Central and South America | Torva | Torva Nees | INRA |
S. citrullifolium A.Braun | Central America | Androceras/crinitum | Melongena series Violaceiflorum Whalen | INRA |
S. comarapanum M. Nee | Bolivia | Torva | – | – |
S. comptum C.V.Morton | Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay | Carolinense | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | – |
S. coriaceum Dunal | South America | Androceras/Crinitum | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. crinitipes Dunal | South America | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. crinitum Lam. | South America | Androceras/Crinitum | Crinitum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. crotonoides Lam. | Carribean islands | – | Persicariae Dunal | – |
S. decompositiflorum Sendtn. | Brazil | Erythrotrichum | – | – |
S. decorum Sendtn. | Brazil | Erythrotrichum | – | – |
S. donianum Walp. | Central America | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. elaeagnifolium Cav. | North and Southern America (amphitropical distribution) | Elaegnifolium | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | INRA & others |
S. ensifolium Dunal | Puerto Rico | Bahamense | – | – |
S. felinum Bitter ex Whalen | Venezuela | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | – |
S. gardneri Sendtn. | Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela | Gardneri | Persicariae Dunal | – |
S. glutinosum Dunal | Colombia, Ecuador, Peru | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. grayi Rose | Mexico | Androceras/Crinitum | Melongena series Pacificum Whalen | – |
S. hasslerianum Chodat | Paraguay | Sisymbriifolium | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | – |
S. hexandrum Vell. | Brazil | Erythrotrichum | Polytrichum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. hieronymi Kuntze | Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay | – | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | – |
S. hindsianum Benth. | Mexico, United States of America | Elaegnifolium | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | – |
S. hirtum Vahl | Central and South America | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | INRA |
S. homalospermum Chiarini | Argentina | Elaegnifolium | – | – |
S. houstonii Martyn (4) | Mexico | Elaegnifolium | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | INRA |
S. hyporhodium A.Braun & C.D.Bouché | Venezuela | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | – |
S. incarceratum Ruiz & Pav. | South America | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | – |
S. jabrense Agra & M.Nee | Brazil | Erythrotrichum | – | – |
S. jamaicense Mill. | Central and South America, Carribean islands | Micracantha | Micracantha Dunal | INRA |
S. juvenale Thell. | Argentina | Carolinense | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | – |
S. lanceifolium Jacq. | Central America, Carribean islands | Micracantha | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. lanceolatum Cav. | Central and South America | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. leucopogon Huber | South America | Micracantha | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. lycocarpum A.St.-Hil. | Brazil, Paraguay | Androceras/Crinitum | Crinitum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. mammosum L. | Central and South America, Carribean islands (introduced in the Old World tropics) | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | INRA |
S. megalonyx Sendtn. | Brazil | Erythrotrichum | Erythrotrichum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. metrobotryon Dunal | Brazil | Torva | – | – |
S. microphyllum (Lam.) Dunal | Carribean islands | Gardneri | Persicariae Dunal | – |
S. mitlense Dunal | Mexico | Androceras/critum | Crinitum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. monachophyllum Dunal | South America | Micracantha | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. mortonii Hunz. | Argentina | Elaegnifolium | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | – |
S. moxosense M.Nee | Bolivia | Carolinense | – | – |
S. multispinum N.E.Br. | Argentina, Paraguay | – | Melongena subsect. Lathyrocarpum G. Don | – |
S. myriacanthum Dunal | Central America | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | – |
S. palinacanthum Dunal | South America | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | INRA |
S. paniculatum L. | Brazil, Paraguay | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. paraibanum Agra | Brazil | Thomasiifolium | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. pectinatum Dunal | Central and South America | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | INRA & others |
S. pedemontanum M.Nee | South America | Micracantha | – | – |
S. piluliferum Dunal | Brazil | Asterophorum | – | – |
S. platense Diekm. | Brazil, Uruguay | Acanthophora | – | – |
S. pluviale Standl. | Costa Rica, Panama | Torva | – | – |
S. poinsettiifolium Rusby | Bolivia, Brazil, Peru | Torva | Micracantha Dunal subsect. Subinermia (Dunal) G. Don. | – |
S. polygamum Vahl | Carribean islands | – | Persicariae Dunal | – |
S. polytrichum Moric. | Brazil | Gardneri | Polytrichum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. pseudolulo Heiser | Colombia, Ecuador | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | INRA |
S. quitoense Lam. | South America | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | INRA & others |
S. reflexiflorum Moric. ex Dunal | Brazil | Erythrotrichum | – | – |
S. rhytidoandrum Sentdn. | Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay | Erythrotrichum | – | – |
S. robustum H.L.Wendl. | South America (introduced in Old World tropics) | Erythrotrichum | Erythrotrichum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. rostratum Dunal | Mexico, United States of America | Androceras/crinitum | Melongena series Androceras (Nutt.) Whalen | INRA & others |
S. rudepannum Dunal | Central and South America | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. rupincola Sendtn. | Brazil | Thomasiifolium | – | – |
S. schomburghii Sendtn. | South America | Gardneri | Persicariae Dunal | – |
S. scuticum M.Nee | Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay | Torva | – | – |
S. sendtnerianum Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. | Brazil, French Guiana | Androceras/Crinitum | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. sessiliflorum Dunal (5) | South America | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | INRA & others |
S. sisymbriifolium Lam. | South America (introduced in the Old World tropics) | Sisymbriifolium | Melongena subsect. Cryptocarpum (Dunal) G. Don | INRA & others |
S. stagnale Moric. | Brazil | Erythrotrichum | Polytrichum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. stellativelutinum Bitter | Bolivia | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. stenandrum Sendtn. | Brazil | Gardneri | Acanthophora Dunal | – |
S. stramoniifolium Jacq. | Central and South America, Carribean islands | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | INRA & others |
S. subinerme Jacq. | Central and South America, Carribean islands | Torva | Micracantha Dunal subsect. Subinermia (Dunal) G. Don. | – |
S. subumbellatum Vell. | Brazil | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. talarense Svenson | Peru | Gardneri | Acanthophora Dunal | – |
S. tampicense Dunal | Central America, Carribean islands | Micracantha | Micracantha Dunal | – |
S. tenuispinum Rusby | Argentina, Bolivia, Peru | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | – |
S. tetramerum Dunal | Carribean islands | Gardneri | – | – |
S. thomasiifolium Sendtn. | Brazil | Thomasiifolium | Persicariae Dunal | – |
S. torvum Sw. | Carribean and Central America (probably introduced and then naturalised in the Old World tropics) | Torva | Torva Nees | INRA & others |
S. ursinum Rusby | Bolivia, Peru | Torva | Torva Nees | – |
S. urticans Dunal | Bolivia | Androceras/Crinitum | Crinitum (Whalen) Child | – |
S. vaillantii Dunal | Brazil | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | – |
S. vestissimum Dunal | Colombia, Venezuela | Lasiocarpa | Lasiocarpa (Dunal) D’Arcy | – |
S. viarum Dunal | South America (introduced in tropical Asia) | Acanthophora | Acanthophora Dunal | INRA & others |
S. whalenii M.Nee | Bolivia | Torva | – | – |
S. wrightii Benth. (6) | Central and South America (introduced in the Old World tropics) | Androceras/Crinitum | Crinitum (Whalen) Child | INRA |
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Aubriot, X., Daunay, MC. (2019). Eggplants and Relatives: From Exploring Their Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships to Conservation Challenges. In: Chapman, M. (eds) The Eggplant Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99208-2_10
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