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A.-T. Tymieniecka: A Phenomenologist in the United States. The Adventures of a Polish-Born American

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The Reception of Husserlian Phenomenology in North America

Part of the book series: Contributions to Phenomenology ((CTPH,volume 100))

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Abstract

Of great philosophical import, albeit yet to be entirely enlarged upon, has been the encounter between European phenomenology and American thought that took place in A.-T. Tymieniecka’s evolution of classical phenomenology into the phenomenology of life, her creation. When she arrived in the United States in the 1950s, Tymieniecka became convinced that it was necessary to move forward from the later Husserl, in order to endow phenomenology with the more immediate pertinence and practical functionality that the American environment demanded to philosophical and scientific thought. In effect, the phenomenology of life that Tymieniecka developed in her over 40 years in America, brought about a positive hybridisation of the American pragmatic attitude and Continental phenomenology, enhancing this last with regard to the methodological approach to knowledge and the relationship with science, and launching it into the search for new epistemic and ontological horizons, away from sterile speculativism. Her discovery of the ontopoietic logos of life as the propulsive and ordering force intrinsic in life, enabled her to break through the opposing prejudices of phenomenology and pragmatism, and to embark upon a theory in which the synergy between the phenomenological attitude and the practical attitude reached a high level of efficiency.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Herbert Spiegelberg, The Phenomenological Movement (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994), 100–103.

  2. 2.

    Robert Sweeney, “Phenomenology in North America and ‘Continental’ Philosophy”, in Phenomenology World-Wide. Foundations-Expanding Dynamics-Life-Engagements. A Guide for Research and Study, ed. Anna.-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002), 287.

  3. 3.

    Sweeney, “Phenomenology”, 287.

  4. 4.

    Spiegelberg, Phenomenological Movement, xxiii.

  5. 5.

    Tymieniecka, “The History of American Phenomenology in Process,” in American Phenomenology. Origins and Developments, eds. Eugene F. Kaelin, and Calvin O. Schrag, Analecta Husserliana XXVI (1989): xii–xiii.

  6. 6.

    Ibid, xxviii, note 1.

  7. 7.

    Ibid, xiii.

  8. 8.

    Ibid, xiii

  9. 9.

    Ibid, 1989, xiv.

  10. 10.

    Thomas Ryba, “Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka’s Phenomenology of Life” in Phenomenology World-Wide, Op. cit., 431.

  11. 11.

    Tymieniecka, “History of American Phenomenology”, xiii.

  12. 12.

    Patricia Trutty-Coohill made this reference during the presentation of the panel “The Case of God in Tymieniecka’s Phenomenology of Life”, at the conference “Towards a Philosophy of Life: Rethinking the Concept of Life in Continental Philosophy of Religion” held at Liverpool Hope University. Together with P. Trutty-Coohill, other participants in the panel were: Nancy Billias of St. Joseph’s College, West Hartford, Connecticut, Kathleen Haney of Houston University, and Daniela Verducci of Macerata University, Italy. Cf.: P. Trutty-Coohill, “The Case of God in the New Enlightenment. Tymieniecka’s Phenomenology of Life as Radical Challenge to Continental Philosophy of Religion”, Phenomenological Inquiry. A Review of Philosophical Ideas and Trends, 33 (2009): 1–3.

  13. 13.

    Lars Petter Torjussen, Johannes Servan, and Simen Andersen Øyen, “An Interview with Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka”, Phenomenological Inquiry 38 (2008): 25–26.

  14. 14.

    Charles Sanders Peirce,“How to Make Our Ideas Clear”, Popular Science Monthly 12 (1878): 286–302.

  15. 15.

    William James, Pragmatism. A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1907), 45.

  16. 16.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “The Pragmatic Test of the Ontopoiesis of Life”, in Phenomenology of Life. Meeting the Challenges of the Present-Day World, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana LXXXIV (2005): xiii.

  17. 17.

    Ibid.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    Ibid, xiv.

  20. 20.

    Ibid, xvii.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Ibid.

  23. 23.

    Max Scheler, “Erkenntis und Arbeit. Eine Studie über Wert und Grenzen des pragmatischen Motivs in der Erkenntinis der Welt”, in Gesammelte Werke 8, eds. Maria Scheler and Manfred Frings (Bern/Munich: Francke, 1960), 191. See also: Robert Sweeney, “‘Cognition and Work’. Erkenntnis und Arbeit”, in The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana XIV (1983): 97.

  24. 24.

    Kurt Heinrich Wolf, “Scheler’s Shadow on Us”, in The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana XIV (1983): 113.

  25. 25.

    Follow the link: https://mssna.wordpress.com/announcements-2/

  26. 26.

    Scheler, “Erkenntnis und Arbeit”, 239–260.

  27. 27.

    Ibid, 239.

  28. 28.

    Scheler, “Erkenntnis und Arbeit”, 241; Sweeney, “Cognition and Work”, 99.

  29. 29.

    Sweeney, “Cognition and Work”, 101.

  30. 30.

    Scheler, “Erkenntnis und Arbeit”, 241–242; Sweeney, “Cognition and Work”, 99.

  31. 31.

    Scheler, “Erkenntnis und Arbeit”, 260–282.

  32. 32.

    Ibid, 200; trans. by Sweeney, “Cognition and Work”, 98.

  33. 33.

    James, Pragmatism, 49, note 1.

  34. 34.

    Ibid, 52–53.

  35. 35.

    Daniela Verducci, “Life, Spirit, Work. Notes on Erkenntnis und Arbeit by Max Scheler”, in Ontopoietic Expansion in Human Self-Interpretation-in-Existence, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, 141–165. Analecta Husserliana LIV (1998): 150.

  36. 36.

    Scheler, “Erkenntnis und Arbeit”, 241.

  37. 37.

    Ibid, 244–245.

  38. 38.

    Ibid, 242, 245.

  39. 39.

    Ibid, 228.

  40. 40.

    Ibid, 205.

  41. 41.

    Verducci, “Life, Spirit, Work”, 144–151.

  42. 42.

    Sweeney, “Cognition and Work”, 98–99.

  43. 43.

    Scheler, “Erkenntnis und Arbeit”, 275, trans. by Sweeney, “Cognition and Work”, 99.

  44. 44.

    Scheler, “Erkenntnis und Arbeit”, 198, 232. See also: DanielaVerducci, “Giving Form to Life according to Max Scheler”, in Life-Energies, Forces and the Shaping of Life, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana LXXIV (2002): 284–286.

  45. 45.

    Max Scheler, “Die Formen des Wissens und die Bildung”, in Gesammelte Werke 3, eds. M. Scheler and M. Frings (Bern/Munich: Francke, 1975) 102, note 1. Furthermore: Daniela Verducci, “Life and Human Life in Max Scheler. Phenomenological Problems of Identification and Individualization”, in Life – The Outburst of Life in Human Sphere, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, 71–91. Analecta Husserliana LX (1999): 71, 87, note 3.

  46. 46.

    Max Scheler, “Versuche einer Philosophie des Lebens. Nietzsche-Dilthey-Bergson”, in Gesammelte Werke 3, eds. M. Scheler and M. Frings (Bern/Munich: Francke, 1972), 311.

  47. 47.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “The Logos of Phenomenology and the Phenomenology of Logos” in Logos of Phenomenology and the Phenomenology of Logos I, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana LXXXVIII (2005): xiv–xv.

  48. 48.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “Phenomenology of Life (Integral and ‘Scientific’) as the Starting Point of Philosophy”, in Life. Phenomenology of Life as the Starting Point of Philosophy, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana L (1997): xi.

  49. 49.

    Edmund Husserl, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy II: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution, Trans. Richard Rojcewicz, and André.Schuwer, Collected Works III (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989), 166.

  50. 50.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “Die Phänomenologische Selbstbesinnung”, in Volume I of Analecta Husserliana, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (1971), 2–3.

  51. 51.

    Daniela Verducci, “The ontopoiesis of life: a theory of solidarity between logos and life”, Phenomenological Inquiry 31 (2007): 23; Id., “Communicative Virtues of A.-T. Tymieniecka’s Phenomenology of Life”, in Phenomenology of Space and Time. The Forces of the Cosmos and the Ontopoitic Genesis of Life, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana CXVII (2014): 11.

  52. 52.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “Tractatus Brevis. First Principles of the Metaphysics of Life Charting the Human Condition: Man’s Creative Act and the Origin of Rationalities”, in The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition II, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana XXI (1986): 3.

  53. 53.

    Tymieniecka, “The Logos of Phenomenology”, xv.

  54. 54.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “A Note on Edmund Husserl’s late Breakthrough”, in Phenomenology World-Wide. Op. cit., 685.

  55. 55.

    Ibid, 685.

  56. 56.

    Tymieniecka, “Phänomenologische Selbstbesinnung”, 4, 6.

  57. 57.

    Tymieniecka, “From the Editor”, vi–vii.

  58. 58.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “Phenomenology as the inspirational force of our times”, in Phenomenology World-Wide. Op.cit., 3a.

  59. 59.

    Ibid, 2b.

  60. 60.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Impetus and Equipoise in the Life-Strategies of Reason. “Logos and Life”- Book 4: Analecta Husserliana LXX (2000): 4.

  61. 61.

    Tymieniecka, “Phenomenology as the inspirational force of our times”, 2, 3.

  62. 62.

    Ibid, 2.

  63. 63.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “The Great Metamorphosis of the Logos of Life in Ontopoietic Timing” in Timing and Temporality in Islamic Philosophy and Phenomenology of Life, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, 11–71. “Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology in Dialogue», vol. 3. (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007), 20.

  64. 64.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Creative Experience and the Critique of Reason, “Logos and Life”- Book 1: Analecta Husserliana XXIV (1988): 6.

  65. 65.

    Ibid, 28.

  66. 66.

    Daniela Verducci, “The Development of the Living Seed of Intentionality. From E.Husserl and E. Fink to A.-T. Tymieniecka’s Ontopoiesis of Life”, in Phenomenology and Existentialism in the 20th Century, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana CV (2010): 33.

  67. 67.

    Tymieniecka, Impetus an Equipoise, 4–5.

  68. 68.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “The Great Plane of Life’s Return to the Sources of Western Philosophy”, in Phenomenology of Life and the Human Creative Condition I, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, 3–29. Analecta Husserliana LII (1998): 5.

  69. 69.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “The Golden Measure. Self-Individualization of Life Bringing to Fruition the Ideal for a New Epoch” in Life. The Human Quest for an Ideal, eds. Marlies Kronegger and Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Analecta Husserliana XLIX (1996): 17; Id., Impetus and Equipoise, 629.

  70. 70.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “Human Development between Imaginative Freedom and Vital Constraints”, Phenomenological Inquiry 31 (2007): 8.

  71. 71.

    Tymieniecka, “The Great Metamorphosis”, 18.

  72. 72.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, The Case of God in the New Enlightenment, “The Fullness of the Logos in the Key of Life»-Book 1, Analecta Husserliana C (2009).

  73. 73.

    Patrick L. Bourgeois and Sandra B. Rosenthal compared ideas in the volume Thematic Studies in Phenomenology and Pragmatism (Amsterdam, B.R. Grüner Publishing Company, 1983), almost exclusively with the existential phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger, considered “an integral philosophic position best presenting, within the phenomenological tradition, the dimensions, tensions and contrasts which tend toward rapprochement with pragmatism” (vi), in turn represented “by the philosophies of the five major classical American pragmatists: Charles S. Peirce, William James, John Dewey, G.H. Mead, and C.I. Lewis” (vii). However, their study is also a valuable heuristic source for us, which helped us in the identification of themes and issues in the American mentality, which Tymieniecka drew upon to transform continental phenomenology into the phenomenology of life and discover the ontopoietic dynamic of the logos of life.

  74. 74.

    Ibid, 1.

  75. 75.

    Tymieniecka, “The Great Metamorphosis”, 31.

  76. 76.

    Bourgeois and Rosenthal, Thematic Studies in Phenomenology, 43.

  77. 77.

    Ibid, 85.

  78. 78.

    Ibid, 109.

  79. 79.

    Ibid, 175–199.

  80. 80.

    Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, “Opening Remarks”, Phenomenological Inquiry 32 (2008): 35–37.

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Verducci, D. (2019). A.-T. Tymieniecka: A Phenomenologist in the United States. The Adventures of a Polish-Born American. In: Ferri, M.B. (eds) The Reception of Husserlian Phenomenology in North America. Contributions to Phenomenology, vol 100. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99185-6_12

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