Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Staging of Pancreatic Cancer with MDCT and MRI

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Management of Localized Pancreatic Cancer

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is a relatively common and highly lethal malignancy that has an overall poor prognosis with an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 7%. This dismal prognosis is in large part related to the advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. To date, complete surgical resection is a major component of a curative treatment paradigm for pancreatic cancer. Patients who undergo incomplete resection have survival rates no different than patients with metastatic disease. Hence, key to optimal management requires accurate identification of patients who would benefit from surgery and discrimination of those who would not. High-quality cross-sectional imaging (MDCT and MRI) is vital in the detection, staging, and management of pancreatic cancer. This section will review the role of MDCT and MRI in the clinical staging of pancreatic cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M. Pancreatic cancer. Lancet. 2011;378(9791):607–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Ferrone CR, Brennan MF, Gonen M, Coit DG, Fong Y, Chung S, et al. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: the actual 5-year survivors. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(4):701–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(1):7–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL. Pancreatic cancer. Lancet. 2004;363(9414):1049–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Oettle H, Neuhaus P, Hochhaus A, Hartmann JT, Gellert K, Ridwelski K, Niedergethmann M, Zülke C, Fahlke J, Arning MB, Sinn M, Hinke A, Riess H. Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine and long-term outcomes among patients with resected pancreatic cancer: the CONKO-001 randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;310(14):1473–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sohn TA, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Koniaris L, Kaushal S, Abrams RA, et al. Resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas-616 patients: results, outcomes, and prognostic indicators. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;4(6):567–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Evans DB, Farnell MB, Lillemoe KD, Vollmer C Jr, Strasberg SM, Schulick RD. Surgical treatment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreas cancer: expert consensus statement. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(7):1736–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Winter JM, Brennan MF, Tang LH, D’Angelica MI, Dematteo RP, Fong Y, et al. Survival after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: results from a single institution over three decades. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(1):169–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Luberice K, Downs D, Sadowitz B, Ross S, Rosemurgy A. Has survival improved following resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma? Am J Surg. 2017;214(2):341–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Varadhachary GR, Tamm EP, Abbruzzese JL, Xiong HQ, Crane CH, Wang H, et al. Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: definitions, management, and role of preoperative therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(8):1035–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Version 3.2017-September 11, 2017. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pancreatic.pdf.

  12. Callery MP, Chang KJ, Fishman EK, Talamonti MS, William Traverso L, Linehan DC. Pretreatment assessment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: expert consensus statement. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(7):1727–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chatzizacharias NA, Tsai S, Griffin M, Tolat P, Ritch P, George B, et al. Locally advanced pancreas cancer: staging and goals of therapy. Surgery. 2018;163:1053–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Evans DB, George B, Tsai S. Non-metastatic pancreatic cancer: resectable, borderline resectable, and locally advanced-definitions of increasing importance for the optimal delivery of multimodality therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(11):3409–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chun YS, Pawlik TM, Vauthey JN. 8th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: pancreas and hepatobiliary cancers. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:845–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Appel BL, Tolat P, Evans DB, Tsai S. Current staging systems for pancreatic cancer. Cancer J. 2012;18(6):539–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kinney T. Evidence-based imaging of pancreatic malignancies. Surg Clin North Am. 2010;90(2):235–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wong JC, Lu DS. Staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by imaging studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(12):1301–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fleischmann D, Kamaya A. Optimal vascular and parenchymal contrast enhancement: the current state of the art. Radiol Clin North Am. 2009;47(1):13–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, Fishman EK, Hough DM, Lu DS, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the society of abdominal radiology and the american pancreatic association. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(1):291–304.e1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Perez-Johnston R, Lenhart DK, Sahani DV. CT angiography of the hepatic and pancreatic circulation. Radiol Clin North Am. 2010;48(2):311–30, viii.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Fletcher JG, Wiersema MJ, Farrell MA, Fidler JL, Burgart LJ, Koyama T, et al. Pancreatic malignancy: value of arterial, pancreatic, and hepatic phase imaging with multi-detector row CT. Radiology. 2003;229(1):81–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ichikawa T, Erturk SM, Sou H, Nakajima H, Tsukamoto T, Motosugi U, et al. MDCT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: optimal imaging phases and multiplanar reformatted imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(6):1513–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Vargas R, Nino-Murcia M, Trueblood W, Jeffrey RB Jr. MDCT in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: prediction of vascular invasion and resectability using a multiphasic technique with curved planar reformations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182(2):419–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fukushima H, Itoh S, Takada A, Mori Y, Suzuki K, Sawaki A, et al. Diagnostic value of curved multiplanar reformatted images in multislice CT for the detection of resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(8):1709–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Raman SP, Chen Y, Fishman EK. Cross-sectional imaging and the role of positron emission tomography in pancreatic cancer evaluation. Semin Oncol. 2015;42(1):40–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Catalano C, Laghi A, Fraioli F, Pediconi F, Napoli A, Danti M, et al. Pancreatic carcinoma: the role of high-resolution multislice spiral CT in the diagnosis and assessment of resectability. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(1):149–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Al-Hawary MM, Kaza RK, Wasnik AP, Francis IR. Staging of pancreatic cancer: role of imaging. Semin Roentgenol. 2013;48(3):245–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Pietryga JA, Morgan DE. Imaging preoperatively for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;6(4):343–57.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Tamm EP, Bhosale PR, Vikram R, de Almeida Marcal LP, Balachandran A. Imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: state of the art. World J Radiol. 2013;5(3):98–105.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Bronstein YL, Loyer EM, Kaur H, Choi H, David C, DuBrow RA, et al. Detection of small pancreatic tumors with multiphasic helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182(3):619–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tamm EP, Loyer EM, Faria SC, Evans DB, Wolff RA, Charnsangavej C. Retrospective analysis of dual-phase MDCT and follow-up EUS/EUS-FNA in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Abdom Imaging. 2007;32(5):660–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Prokesch RW, Chow LC, Beaulieu CF, Bammer R, Jeffrey RB Jr. Isoattenuating pancreatic adenocarcinoma at multi-detector row CT: secondary signs. Radiology. 2002;224(3):764–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Morgan DE. Dual-energy CT of the abdomen. Abdom Imaging. 2014;39(1):108–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kulkarni NM, Hough DM, Tolat PP, Soloff EV, Kambadakone AR. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: cross-sectional imaging techniques. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43:253–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Patel BN, Thomas JV, Lockhart ME, Berland LL, Morgan DE. Single-source dual-energy spectral multidetector CT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: optimization of energy level viewing significantly increases lesion contrast. Clin Radiol. 2013;68(2):148–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. O’Neill E, Hammond N, Miller FH. MR imaging of the pancreas. Radiol Clin North Am. 2014;52(4):757–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Chen FM, Ni JM, Zhang ZY, Zhang L, Li B, Jiang CJ. Presurgical evaluation of pancreatic cancer: a comprehensive imaging comparison of CT versus MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016;206(3):526–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Keppke AL, Miller FH. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas: the future is now. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2005;26(3):132–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Tirkes T, Menias CO, Sandrasegaran K. MR imaging techniques for pancreas. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50(3):379–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Jeffrey RB. Pancreatic cancer: radiologic imaging. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2012;41(1):159–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ly JN, Miller FH. MR imaging of the pancreas: a practical approach. Radiol Clin North Am. 2002;40(6):1289–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hammond NA, Miller FH, Day K, Nikolaidis P. Imaging features of the less common pancreatic masses. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38(3):561–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Miller FH, Rini NJ, Keppke AL. MRI of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(4):W365–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Wang Y, Miller FH, Chen ZE, Merrick L, Mortele KJ, Hoff FL, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of solid and cystic lesions of the pancreas. Radiographics. 2011;31(3):E47–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Birchard KR, Semelka RC, Hyslop WB, Brown A, Armao D, Firat Z, et al. Suspected pancreatic cancer: evaluation by dynamic gadolinium-enhanced 3D gradient-echo MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(3):700–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang Y, Chen ZE, Nikolaidis P, McCarthy RJ, Merrick L, Sternick LA, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinomas: association with histopathology and tumor grade. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;33(1):136–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Park HS, Lee JM, Choi HK, Hong SH, Han JK, Choi BI. Preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cancer: comparison of gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MRI with MR cholangiopancreatography versus MDCT. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;30(3):586–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Bockhorn M, Uzunoglu FG, Adham M, Imrie C, Milicevic M, Sandberg AA, et al. Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: a consensus statement by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Surgery. 2014;155(6):977–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bhalla M, Aldakkak M, Kulkarni NM, O’Connor SD, Griffin MO Jr, Christians KK, Evans DB, Tsai S, Tolat PP. Characterizing indeterminate liver lesions in patients with localized pancreatic cancer at the time of diagnosis. Abdom Radiol. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-017-1404-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. de la Santa LG, Retortillo JA, Miguel AC, Klein LM. Radiology of pancreatic neoplasms: an update. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;6(9):330–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Nakao A, Harada A, Nonami T, Kaneko T, Takagi H. Clinical significance of carcinoma invasion of the extrapancreatic nerve plexus in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 1996;12(4):357–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tian H, Mori H, Matsumoto S, Yamada Y, Kiyosue H, Ohta M, et al. Extrapancreatic neural plexus invasion by carcinomas of the pancreatic head region: evaluation using thin-section helical CT. Radiat Med. 2007;25(4):141–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Patel BN, Olcott E, Jeffrey RB. Extrapancreatic perineural invasion in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43:323–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Deshmukh SD, Willmann JK, Jeffrey RB. Pathways of extrapancreatic perineural invasion by pancreatic adenocarcinoma: evaluation with 3D volume-rendered MDCT imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(3):668–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lu DS, Reber HA, Krasny RM, Kadell BM, Sayre J. Local staging of pancreatic cancer: criteria for unresectability of major vessels as revealed by pancreatic-phase, thin-section helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168(6):1439–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Christians KK, Tsai S, Tolat PP, Evans DB. Critical steps for pancreaticoduodenectomy in the setting of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2013;107(1):33–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Raman SP, Horton KM, Fishman EK. Multimodality imaging of pancreatic cancer-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Cancer J. 2012;18(6):511–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hazirolan T, Metin Y, Karaosmanoglu AD, Canyigit M, Turkbey B, Oguz BS, et al. Mesenteric arterial variations detected at MDCT angiography of abdominal aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(4):1097–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ward J, Robinson PJ, Guthrie JA, Downing S, Wilson D, Lodge JP, et al. Liver metastases in candidates for hepatic resection: comparison of helical CT and gadolinium- and SPIO-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2005;237(1):170–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Trede M, Rumstadt B, Wendl K, Gaa J, Tesdal K, Lehmann KJ, et al. Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging improves the staging of pancreatic tumors. Ann Surg. 1997;226(4):393–405; discussion -7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Ikuta Y, Takamori H, Ikeda O, Tanaka H, Sakamoto Y, Hashimoto D, et al. Detection of liver metastases secondary to pancreatic cancer: utility of combined helical computed tomography during arterial portography with biphasic computed tomography-assisted hepatic arteriography. J Gastroenterol. 2010;45(12):1241–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Motosugi U, Ichikawa T, Morisaka H, Sou H, Muhi A, Kimura K, et al. Detection of pancreatic carcinoma and liver metastases with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging: comparison with contrast-enhanced multi-detector row CT. Radiology. 2011;260(2):446–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dromain C, Leboulleux S, Auperin A, Goere D, Malka D, Lumbroso J, et al. Staging of peritoneal carcinomatosis: enhanced CT vs. PET/CT. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33(1):87–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lim JS, Kim MJ, Yun MJ, Oh YT, Kim JH, Hwang HS, et al. Comparison of CT and 18F-FDG pet for detecting peritoneal metastasis on the preoperative evaluation for gastric carcinoma. Korean J Radiol. 2006;7(4):249–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Iafrate F, Ciolina M, Sammartino P, Baldassari P, Rengo M, Lucchesi P, et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis: imaging with 64-MDCT and 3T MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging. Abdom Imaging. 2012;37(4):616–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Pisters PW, Lee JE, Vauthey JN, Charnsangavej C, Evans DB. Laparoscopy in the staging of pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg. 2001;88(3):325–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Pappas SG, Christians KK, Tolat PP, Mautz AP, Lal A, McElroy L, et al. Staging chest computed tomography and positron emission tomography in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: utility or futility? HPB (Oxford). 2014;16(1):70–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Valls C, Andia E, Sanchez A, Fabregat J, Pozuelo O, Quintero JC, et al. Dual-phase helical CT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: assessment of resectability before surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178(4):821–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Tamm EP, Balachandran A, Bhosale PR, Katz MH, Fleming JB, Lee JH, et al. Imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: update on staging/resectability. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50(3):407–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Nanashima A, Sakamoto I, Hayashi T, Tobinaga S, Araki M, Kunizaki M, et al. Preoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in biliary and pancreatic carcinomas: evaluation of the combination of multi-detector CT and serum CA19-9 level. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(12):3617–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kim JH, Eun HW, Kim KW, Lee JY, Lee JM, Han JK, et al. Diagnostic performance of MDCT for predicting important prognostic factors in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2013;42(8):1316–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Imai H, Doi R, Kanazawa H, Kamo N, Koizumi M, Masui T, et al. Preoperative assessment of para-aortic lymph node metastasis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010;15(3):294–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Vauthey JN, Dixon E. AHPBA/SSO/SSAT consensus conference on resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: rationale and overview of the conference. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(7):1725–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Brennan DD, Zamboni GA, Raptopoulos VD, Kruskal JB. Comprehensive preoperative assessment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with 64-section volumetric CT. Radiographics. 2007;27(6):1653–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Evans DB, Erickson BA, Ritch P. Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: definitions and the importance of multimodality therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(11):2803–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Klauss M, Mohr A, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Friess H, Singer R, Seidensticker P, et al. A new invasion score for determining the resectability of pancreatic carcinomas with contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography. Pancreatology. 2008;8(2):204–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Nakayama Y, Yamashita Y, Kadota M, Takahashi M, Kanemitsu K, Hiraoka T, et al. Vascular encasement by pancreatic cancer: correlation of CT findings with surgical and pathologic results. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001;25(3):337–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Tamm EP, Loyer EM, Faria S, Raut CP, Evans DB, Wolff RA, et al. Staging of pancreatic cancer with multidetector CT in the setting of preoperative chemoradiation therapy. Abdom Imaging. 2006;31(5):568–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cloyd JM, Katz MH, Prakash L, Varadhachary GR, Wolff RA, Shroff RT, et al. Preoperative therapy and pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a 25-year single-institution experience. J Gastrointest Surg. 2017;21(1):164–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Katz MH, Fleming JB, Bhosale P, Varadhachary G, Lee JE, Wolff R, et al. Response of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer to neoadjuvant therapy is not reflected by radiographic indicators. Cancer. 2012;118(23):5749–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Morgan DE, Waggoner CN, Canon CL, Lockhart ME, Fineberg NS, Posey JA 3rd, et al. Resectability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in patients with locally advanced disease downstaged by preoperative therapy: a challenge for MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(3):615–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Bhalla M, Aldakkak M, Kulkarni NM, O’Connor SD, Griffin MO Jr, Christians KK, et al. Characterizing indeterminate liver lesions in patients with localized pancreatic cancer at the time of diagnosis. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43:351–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Naveen M. Kulkarni

Authors
  1. Naveen M. Kulkarni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Naveen M. Kulkarni .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Susan Tsai

  2. Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Paul S. Ritch

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Beth A. Erickson

  4. Department of Surgery, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Douglas B. Evans

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kulkarni, N.M. (2019). Clinical Staging of Pancreatic Cancer with MDCT and MRI. In: Tsai, S., Ritch, P., Erickson, B., Evans, D. (eds) Management of Localized Pancreatic Cancer . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98944-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98944-0_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98943-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98944-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation