Abstract
Bentrovato and Rath examine contemporary textbook representations of former colonies in WWI, particularly in Africa, against the backdrop of the continent’s pivotal yet largely unacknowledged involvement in this global war. This chapter contributes to a largely Eurocentric body of textbook research on WWI, and related scholarship on colonialism and images of Africa, by comparing and contrasting textual and visual data drawn from the largest and most varied sample of African and European textbooks used to date to qualitatively analyse depictions of WWI in educational media. The study dissects dominant textbook discourses across the two continents through the lenses of critical and postcolonial theory and ascertains the extent to which they echo a growing academic interest in the experiences and agency of formerly colonised peoples during this prominent historical conflict. In doing so, the chapter offers pivotal insights into the interplay of knowledge and power, and processes of empowerment and disempowerment, involved in cultural representations of the “self” and “the other” in post-colonial societies and in today’s increasingly globalised world.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
List of Textbooks Referenced
European Textbooks
Adamski, Peter, Dieter Brückner, Harald Focke, Manfred Heigenmoser, Heinrich Hirschfelder, and Martina Tschirner. 2004. Das waren Zeiten 3 - Ausgabe C: Das lange 19. Jahrhundert, edited by D. Brückner and H. Focke. Bamberg: Buchner.
Adelmeyer, Annette, Christine Dzubiel, Theo Emmer, Michael Epkenhans, Hannelore Franek, Benedikt Giesing, and Jürgen Huber. 2012. Geschichte - Geschehen: Oberstufe Gesamtband. Stuttgart, Leipzig: Klett.
Airiau, Paul, Fabrice d’Almeida, Florent Bonaventure, Vanessa Caru, Aude Chamouard, Laurent Coumel, and Emmanuelle Cronier. 2011. Histoire: 1re L, ES, S. Programme 2012, edited by D. Colon. Collection David Colon. Paris: Belin.
Alazard, Joëlle, Éric Godeau, Jean-Marcel Guigou, Stanislas Jeannesson, Delphine Lécureuil, Catherine Pidutti, and Claire Quincy. 2011. Histoire: 1re L-ES-S. Programme 2011, edited by S. Cote. Collection Sébastien Cote. Paris: Nathan.
Alazard, Joëlle, Jacques Brochot, Éric Goeau, Delphine Lécureuil, Jacques Marseille, Catherine Pidutti, and Jeanne Tocqueville et al. 2007. Histoire, 1re: Le Monde, l’Europe, la France, 1850–1945: L-ES-S Programme 2003: Conforme aux nouvelles épreuves du bac, edited by Jacques Marseille. Collection Jacques Marseille. Paris: Nathan.
Alberton, Giuliano, and Luisa Benucci. 2010. Incontro con la Storia: L’ età Contemporanea. Il Novecento 3. Milano: Principato.
Angles, Anne, Caroline Bitsch, Gilles Boué, Françoise Cardenoux, Didier Cariou, Olivier Caudron, and Michel Durif. 2007. Histoire: 1res ES/L, S. Le Monde Contemporain du Milieu du XIXe Siècle à 1945, edited by J.-P. Lauby, M. Promérat, and F. Sirel. Paris: Magnard.
Baylac, Marie-Hélène. 2003. Histoire 1re série L-ES. Paris: Bordas.
Berneron-Couvenhes, Marie-Françoise, Philippe Catros, Myriam Deniel, Gilles Ferragu, Frédéric Freigneaux, Jérôme Grévy, and Fabrice Lascar. 2007. Histoire: 1re L-ES-S. Paris: Bordas.
Beyen, Marnix, Leen Beyers, Hans Cools, Idesbald Goddeeris, Yves Segers, Henk de Smaele, Tom Verschaffel, and Kaat Wils. 2009. Passages: De Negentiende Eeuw: 1815–1918, edited by G. Draye and C. Creyghton. Averbode: Uitgeverij Averbode.
Bourquin, Laurent, Noëlline Castagnez, Nicole Colas-Verliac, Stéphane Coviaux, Jean-François Dunyach, and Jean-Yves Piboubès. 2007. Histoire: 1re L, ES, S., edited by Laurent Bourquin. Paris: Belin.
Bresich, Gianfranco, and Cinzia Florio. 2010. Scoprire la Storia 3. Novara: De Agostini.
Britt, Thomas, Jochen Grube, Carsten Hinrichs, Franz Hofmeier, Hans-Otto Regenhardt, Arnulf Siebeneicker, Claudia Tatsch, and Ursula Winberger. 2006. Forum Geschichte 8: Von der Französischen Revolution bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Ausgabe Niedersachsen, edited by H.-O. Regenhardt and C. Tatsch. Berlin: Cornelsen.
Brückner, Dieter, Harald Focke, Manfred Heigenmoser, Franz Hohmann, Mario Höllrigl, Hannelore Lachner, and Jürgen Weber. 2003. Geschichte erleben 4: Von der Industrialisierung bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg. 2nd ed., edited by D. Brückner and H. Lachner. Bamberg: Buchner.
Burkard, Dieter, Petra Carse, Sven Christoffer, Wilfried Dähling, Helmut Heimbach, Klaus Leinen, Peter Offergeld, and Antonius Wollschläger. 2006. Zeitreise 3. Stuttgart: Klett.
Cardi, Jean-Claude, Christian Defebvre, Carole Fluckiger, Sophie-Zoé Toulajian, Sylvain Venayre, Pierre Vonau, and Michel Winter. 2003. Histoire 1re, L-ES, edited by M. Winter. Rosny-sous-Bois: Bréal.
Castronovo, Valerio. 2012. Eventi e Scenari: Corso di storia per la scuola secondaria di primo grado. 3 Il novecento, edited by M. Galli, V. Novembri, and R. Pavolini. Milano: La Nuova Italia.
Deygere, de Renaat, Marianne de Mey, Willy Dupon, Katrien Moermans, Moulaert, Jan, Schelles, Jan, Walter Smits, Cynthia van der Meeren, Hugo van de Voorde, and Johan Vankeersbilck. 2008. Historia 5, edited by H. van de Voorde. Kapellen: Pelckmans.
Cirne, Joana, Marília Henriques, and José Alberto Gomes. 2011. Cadernos de História: História 9 Ano, terceiro ciclo do ensino básico. Machado. Porto: Areal.
Epkenhans, Michael, Ursula Fries, Gerhard Henke-Bockschatz, Reinhard Ilg, Bärbel Kuhn, Elisabeth Lamparter, and Georg Langen. 2005. Geschichte - Geschehen 3: Sekundarstufe I, edited by G. Möhring and M. Tribukait. Stuttgart, Leipzig: Klett.
Falaize, Benoît, Christian Guitard, Michel Héron, Enrique León, Annick Le Puil-Gazquez, Guillaume Le Quintrec, Olivivier Loubes, Martin, Lylvie, and Éric Mesnard. 2003. Histoire, 1re S: Programme 2003, edited by G. Le Quintrec. Collection Guillaume Le Quintrec. Paris: Nathan.
Funken, Walter, Harald Gocke, Volker Habermaier, Karl-Heinz Holstein, Bernd Koltrowitz, Michael Krenzer, Thomas Thieme, Mathias Tullner, Bernd Zaddach, and Helmut Willert. 2007. Geschichte Plus: Ausgabe Berlin. Geschichte Klassen 9/10. 1st ed., edited by W. Funken and B. Koltrowitz. Berlin: Cornelsen.
Geivers, Rik. 1983. ‘N Kijk op Nu & Toen 5: Revolties, Liberalisme en Nationalisme, Imperialisme. Antwerp: Standaard Educatieve Uitg.
Géraldine, Ancel-Géry, Yannick Courseaux, Emmanuelle Iardella-Blanc, Pascale Jousselin-Misery, Sahondra Limane, Emmanuel Mourey, and Vesna Ninkovic. 2011. Histoire: 1res L/ES/S. Questions pour Comprendre le XXe Siècle, edited by P. Zachary. Nouv. programme, nouv. collection, format compact. Paris: Hachette.
Hayt, Franz, and Denise Galloy. 2007. Histoire du Temps Présent: L’Europe et le Monde de 1914 à Nos Jours. Bruxelles: De Boeck.
Henri, Daniel, Guillaume Le Quintrec, Peter Geiss, Reiner Prass, and Erika Mursa. 2008. Histoire/Geschichte: Europa und die Welt vom Wiener Kongress bis 1945. Stuttgart, Leipzig: Klett.
Jadoulle, Jean-Louis, and André Tihon. 2000. Racines du Futur: Tome III: Du XVIIIe Siècle à 1918, edited by L. Genicot and J. Georges. Bruxelles: Didier Hatier.
Laitem, Louis E. M. 1993. Van Verlichting tot Wereldoorlog: Het Cultuuroptimisme van het Burgerlijk Tijdperk. Tijdspiegel: Geschiedenis voor het secundair onderwijs 5; Kapellen: Pelckmans.
Lambin, Jean-Michel. 2003. Histoire: 1re ES/L/S. Paris: Hachette éducation.
Maia, Cristina, and Luís Miguel Duarte. 2008. Viva a História: História 9 Ano. Porto: Porto Ed.
Osiander, Wolfgang, and Jürgen Vorlaufer. 1997. Geschichte für die Wirtschaftsschule: Jahrgangsstufe 8. 2nd ed. Troisdorf: Bildungsverlag EINS.
Reynoldson, Fiona. 1988a. The First World War 1914–18: Book One. War Beyond Britain. London: Heinemann Educational.
Reynoldson, Fiona. 1988b. The First World War 1914–18: Book Two. War in Britain. London: Heinemann Educational.
Ronga, Luigi, Gianni Gentile, and Anna Rossi. 2013. Tempi & Temi della Storia: Corso di storia per il secondo biennio e il quinto anno 3. Brescia: Ed. La Scuola.
Ross, Stewart. 2003. Causes and Consequences of the First World War. London: Evans.
Thomas Britt, Jochen Grube, Carsten Hinrichs, Franz Hofmeier, Wolfgang Peters, Hans-Otto Regenhardt, Arnulf Siebeneicker, Claudia Tatsch, and Ursula Winberger. 2008. Forum Geschichte 3: Vom Absolutismus bis zum Imperialismus. Ausgabe Hessen, edited by H.-O. Regenhardt and C. Tatsch. Berlin: Cornelsen.
Van Den Houdt, D. 1985. Nieuwste Tijd van 1815 tot Heden. 7th print. Levend verleden handboeken van geschiedenis; 3. Antwerpen: Nederlandsche Boekhandel.
Vicari, Fabio 2011. Capire la storia: Il mondo contemporaneo 3. Bologna: Zanichelli.
Walsh, Ben. 2001. GCSE Modern World History. History in Focus. 2nd ed. London: John Murray.
African Textbooks
Alie, J. A. D. 1990. A New History of Sierra Leone [reprinted in 2005]. Oxford: Macmillan.
Bamusananire, E., and D. Ntege. N.d. New Junior Secondary. History Book 2. Kampala: Netmedia Publishers.
Bamusananire, E. et al. 2006. Primary Social Studies. Pupil’s Book 6 [reprinted in 2010]. Kigali: Macmillan Rwanda.
Bottaro, J. et al. 2008. Oxford - Op Soek na Sosiale Wetenskappe. Graad 8, Leerdersboek. Goodwood, Kaapstad: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
Bottaro, J. et al. 2010. Oxford Successful Social Sciences. Grade 8, Learner’s Book. Goodwood, Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
Cloete, B., and C. Dugmore. 2011. Discover History. Grade 9, Learner’s Book. Sandton: Heinemann International Southern Africa.
Dinko, M., and M. Adugna. 2005. History. Student Textbook, Grade 10. Revised ed. Addis Ababa: Mega Publishing Enterprise.
Earle, J., and A. Briggs. 2008. Social Sciences Today, Grade 8. Learner’s Book. Pinelands, Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
Fenhane, J. B. H. 2002. História 10ª Clase. Maputo: Diname.
Gahima, C. et al. 2010. The History of Rwanda. A Participatory Approach. Teacher’s Guide for Secondary Schools. Kigali: Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Education, National Curriculum Development Centre.
Goosen, D., and A. Du Preez. 2007. Understanding History in Context. Grade 9 [reprinted in 2011]. Windhoek: Longman Namibia.
James, S. 2008. African History from 19th c. to 21st c. A.D. for Secondary Schools. Forms III and IV. Dar es Salaam: The General Publishing House.
Kazumba, S. Longo. N.d. Histoire Classes Terminales. Kinshasa: New Scolot Ed.
Lopes, J. Mendes. 2014. História da 9a Clase. Luanda: Texto Editores-Leya.
Nyema, E., and A. Ngwilizi. 2009. History for Primary Schools, Standard 6. Dar es Salaam: Readit Books.
Par une équipe d’enseignants africains [By a Team of African Teachers]. 1995. Histoire 3è. Seconde moitié du XIXe-XXe siècle. Paris: Hatier (Collection L’Afrique et le Monde).
Par une équipe d’enseignants africains [By a Team of African Teachers]. 1999. Histoire Géographie, 3è. Abidjan/Paris: CEDA/Hatier.
Par une reunion de professeurs [By a Team of Teachers]. 2004. Histoire 6è Primaire. Le Congo (rd) en Afrique et dans le Monde. Des Origines à Nos Jours. Kinshasa: New Scolot Ed.
Tazanu, M. L. et al. 2006. Ordinary Level History for Cameroon Schools. 2nd ed. Buea: ANUCAM.
Weldon G. et al. 2012. MacMillan History for Southern Africa. Namibia Edition. Manzini/Swaziland: Macmillan Boleswa.
Bibliography
Alayan, Samira, Achim Rohde, and Sarhan Dhouib, eds. 2012. The Politics of Education Reform in the Middle East: Self and Other in Textbooks and Curricula. New York: Berghahn Books.
Apple, Micheal W. 1993. Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age. London: Routledge.
Apple, Micheal W., and L. K. Christian-Smith, eds. 1991. The Politics of the Textbook. New York: Routledge.
Bendick, Rainer. 2003. Kriegserwartung und Kriegserfahrung: Der Erste Weltkrieg in deutschen und französischen Schulgeschichtsbüchern (1900–1939/45). 2nd ed. Series Geschichtswissenschaft 46. Herbolzheim: Centaurus-Verlag.
Bendick, Rainer, and Rainer Riemenschneider, eds. 2000. Internationale Schulbuchforschung: Zeitschrift des Georg-Eckert-Instituts für Internationale Schulbuchforschung 22 (3), Special issue on “Erster Weltkrieg und Versailler Vertrag/The First World War and the Treaty of Versailles.”
Bentrovato, Denise. 2015. “Teaching World War I. An Exploratory Study of the Representations of the Great War in Contemporary African Textbooks.” Yesterday & Today [Journal for History Teaching in South Africa and Abroad] 14:175–207.
Bentrovato, Denise. 2017. “History Textbook Writing in Post-conflict Societies: From Battlefield to Site and Means of Conflict Transformation.” In History Teaching and Conflict Transformation: Social Psychological Theories, History Teaching and Reconciliation, edited by Charis Psaltis, Mario Carretero, and Sabina Čehajić-Clancy, 37–76. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bentrovato, Denise, Karina V. Korostelina, and Martina Schulze, eds. 2016. History Can Bite: History Education in Divided and Postwar Societies. Göttingen: V&R Unipress.
Bergmann, Klaus. 2016. Multiperspektivität. Geschichte Selber Denken. 3rd ed. Series Wochenschau Geschichte. Schwalbach: Wochenschau-Verlag.
Bode, Sebastian. 2015. Die Kartierung der Extreme: Die Darstellung der Zeit der Weltkriege (1914–1945) in aktuellen europäischen Geschichtsatlanten. V&R Academic. Göttingen: V&R Unipress.
Cajani, Luigi, Simone Lässig, and Maria Repoussi, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of History Education Conflicts. Palgrave, forthcoming.
Cochet, François, ed. 2006. 1916–2006, Verdun sous le Regard du Monde: Actes du Colloque Tenu à Verdun les 23 et 24 Février 2006, 14–18. Paris.
Cole, Roy. 2008. “The Regionalization of Africa in Undergraduate Geography of Africa Textbooks, 1953 to 2004.” The Journal of Geography 107: 61–74.
Christophe, Barbara, and Kerstin Schwedes. 2016. “Den Ersten Weltkrieg erzählen - Schulbücher als Erinnerungstexte lesen.” In Schulbuch und Erster Weltkrieg: Kulturwissenschaftliche Analysen und geschichtsdidaktische Überlegungen, edited by Barbara Christophe and Kerstin Schwedes, 15–92. Eckert. Expertise 6. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht unipress.
Ferguson, Niall. 2011. Civilisation: The West and the Rest. New York: Penguin Press.
Foucault, Michel. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. Translated by A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1985. Selections from Cultural Writings. Translated by William Boelhower and edited by David Forgacs and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
———. 2011. Prison Notebooks. Vol. 1–3. New York: Columbia University Press.
Grindel, Susanne. 2012. “Kolonialismus im Schulbuch als Übersetzungsproblem: Deutsche, französische und englische Geschichtswerke.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 38 (8): 272–305.
Kane, Cheikh Hamidou. 1961. L’Aventure ambiguë. Paris.
Kemme, Manfred. 2004. Das Afrikabild in deutschen Religionsbüchern: Eine Untersuchung katholischer Religionsbücher für die Sekundarstufe I. Theologie Vol. 59. Münster: Lit.
Killingray, David. 1998. “The War in Africa.” In World War I: A History, edited by Hew Strachan, 92–103. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Korostelina, Karina, and Simone Lässig, eds. 2013. History Education and Postconflict Reconciliation: Reconsidering Joint Textbook Projects. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Kuhn, Konrad J., and Béatrice Ziegler, eds. 2014. Der vergessene Krieg: Spuren und Traditionen zur Schweiz im Ersten Weltkrieg. Baden: Hier + Jetzt, Verlag für Kultur und Geschichte.
Marmer, Elina, and Papa Sow, eds. 2015. Wie Rassismus aus Schulbüchern spricht: Kritische Auseinandersetzung mit “Afrika”-Bildern und Schwarz-Weiss-Konstruktionen in der Schule - Ursachen, Auswirkungen und Handlungsansätze für die pädagogische Praxis. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa.
Michels, Stefanie. 2009. Schwarze Deutsche Kolonialsoldaten: Mehrdeutige Representationsräume und früher Kosmopolitismus in Afrika [Black German Colonial Soldiers: Ambivalent Spaces of Representation and Early Cosmopolitanism in Africa]. Bielefeld: Transcript-Verlag.
Müller-Saini, Gotelind, ed. 2011. Designing History in East Asian Textbooks: Identity Politics and Transnational Aspirations. New York: Routledge.
Müller, Julius, and Andreas Wagner. 2010. “‘Regards Croisés’ - Ikonographie des Ersten Weltkrieges in aktuellen europäischen Geschichtsbüchern.” Yearbook of the International Society for History Didactics 31: 235–48.
Page, Melvin E., ed. 1987. Africa and the First World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Paice, Edward. 2007. Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Poenicke, Anke. 1995. Die Darstellung Afrikas in europäischen Schulbüchern für Französisch am Beispiel Englands, Frankreichs und Deutschlands. Europäische Hochschulschriften 11, Pädagogik 627. Frankfurt am Main [et al.]: Lang.
———. 2003. Afrika Realistisch Darstellen: Diskussionen und Alternativen zur Gängigen Praxis - Schwerpunkt Schulbücher. 2nd ed. Zukunftsforum Politik No. 55. Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
———. 2008. Afrika im Neuen Geschichtsbuch: Eine Analyse der Aktuellen Deutschen Schulbücher. Berlin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
Powell, Timothy B. 2003. “All Colors Flow into Rainbows and Nooses. The Emergence of Multiculturalism in the United States.” Cultural Critique, 55: 152–81.
Samson, Anne. 2013. World War I in Africa: The Forgotten Conflict among the European Powers. London: I.B. Tauris.
Schneider, Ute. 2010. “Imperialismus und Weltkrieg.” Historica et Didactica Fortbildung Geschichte 1: 70–74.
Socolow, Seth. 1993. World War I and World War II in Contemporary French and German High School History Textbooks. Poughkeepsie: Vassar College.
Spiridon, Olivia, ed. 2016. Textfronten: Perspektiven auf den Ersten Weltkrieg im südöstlichen Europa. Geschichte Vol. 4. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1988. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” In Marxism and Interpretations of Culture, edited by Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, 271–313. Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Strachan, Hew. 2004. The First World War in Africa. The First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stradling, Robert. 2003. Multiperspectivity in History Teaching: A Guide for Teachers. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Zagumny, Öisa, and Amanda B. Richey. 2012. “Textbook Orientalism: Critical Visuality and Representations of Southwest Asia and North Africa.” In The New Politics of the Textbook: Critical Analysis in the Core Content Areas, edited by Heather Hickman and Bradley J. Porfilio, 209–13. Constructing Knowledge 2. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bentrovato, D., Rath, I. (2018). A “Matter of the Whites”? Contemporary Textbook Portrayals of Former African Colonies in WWI. In: Roldán Vera, E., Fuchs, E. (eds) Textbooks and War. Palgrave Studies in Educational Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98803-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98803-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98802-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98803-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)