Abstract
This chapter describes the historical and institutional background of the Scandinavian organizational society in detail. The popular mass movements are analysed as core institutions in the building of the modern Scandinavian mass democracies. Particular attention is devoted to the organizational model that characterized the popular mass movements and their organizations. In this model, local members played a decisive role. Another characteristic feature is the vertical integration between local branch organizations and regional and national organizations that provided a communication channel from the local level to the national level and vice versa. The chapter also provides an overview of the density, structure and composition of the Scandinavian voluntary sectors and demonstrates the lasting dominance of the sport, culture and leisure fields, though the welfare field is becoming more important in all countries. Finally, the decreasing significance of membership and member-based associations, in particular in Norway and Denmark, is analysed. This development may be consequential for the historically strong political and democratic role of voluntary associations and for their position more in general in society.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
To capture changes in the Scandinavian system of voluntary organizations, Selle and Øymyr (1995) identify three dimensions. The first relates to activities, where a distinction is drawn between external and internal orientation. The second concerns ideology, where a disposition for change is contrasted with upholding the status quo. The third deals with socialization, separating those organizations that occupy a strong position in the life of the individual member/participant from those where this position is limited or weak.
- 2.
In Norway, the language movement (New Norwegian) was also important, fighting against a historically strong Danish language influence.
- 3.
- 4.
In all three Scandinavian countries, sport was originally divided into different movements/ organizations, some of which related to or even overlapped with other major popular mass movements, such as the labor movement in Norway and the peasant movement, inspired by the Grundtvigian movement, in Denmark. In Sweden, there were several sports organizations covering the whole country until the beginning of the twentieth century, but since 1903 there has been only one such organization, Riksidrottförbundet (Ibsen, 2002).
- 5.
By tradition, popular education is a part of civil society in a nonformal variety where there are no exams to be taken and the programmes do not confer formal competence for or entitlement to any particular type of job. This educational tradition began in Denmark and is found today both at nonprofit boarding schools for the young and at evening schools for adults that allow them to participate in the learning of many different subjects in their spare time. However, in Sweden, popular education also has a tradition of so-called folk high schools for adults where some programmes do give both formal competence and entitlement to certain types of jobs. Popular education is also heavily involved in the societal integration process through language courses for immigrants, etc.
- 6.
For Sweden, enlightenment was primarily in this early stage for the self-owning farmers and not for everyone that worked on the farms (Lundh Nilsson & Nilsson, 2010).
- 7.
The Mission in Denmark is a conservative movement that placed great emphasis on the Bible as the Word of God and on the personal belief in Jesus Christ as Saviour.
- 8.
Grundtvigianism denotes an ecclesiastical and cultural movement in Denmark, based on the priest, psalm poet, and author N.F.S. Grundtvig’s (1783–1872) perception of Christianity, culture, and society. Large parts of civil society in Denmark - and the legal framework - are inspired by his philosophy and view of society, among other things nonprofit primary schools, boarding schools, and sports associations, along with municipal support for leisure and cultural associations (The Act on Non-Formal Education and Democratic Voluntary Activity).
- 9.
Philanthropy is not normally categorized as a popular movement in Scandinavia and has, until recently, gone relatively unnoticed in research and analysis. The reason for this may be that the welfare state project, which started in the early 1900s, played such an essential role in Scandinavian self-image that other elements have been neglected (Lundström & Svedberg, 2003; Svedberg, 2013). However, in the last 20 years, a number of sociopolitical and historical studies have put philanthropy back on the map (e.g. Bundesen et al., 2001; Habermann & Ibsen, 1997; Jordansson & Vammen, 1998; Lützen, 1997; Qvarsell, 2015; Villadsen, 2004; Wijkström, 2015). In this context, a distinction can be made between charities and self-organizing groups. Charities saw their main task as being to support the poor and needy financially and to provide for their moral education. Self-organizing groups dealt with arrangements for special groups (such as children or the disabled), established insurance-like schemes, or built homes.
- 10.
The differences are so profound that not everyone calls this a real social movement in Sweden. State and public service had a stronger position here than in the two other countries. Still, even in Sweden there have always been niches for voluntary and nonprofit organizations, for example, those working with homeless people, battered women, abused children, drug abuse and addiction, legal and illegal immigration, etc. (Svedberg & Olsson, 2010).
- 11.
E.g. AOF, Arbeidernes opplysningsforbund/Arbejdernes oplysningsforbund in Norway and Denmark; ABF, Arbetarnas bildningsförbund in Sweden, which were nonprofit so-called evening schools that offered informal education for adults in their spare time, from the beginning only in the evenings, of which the name.
- 12.
For a discussion of the complex relationship between ‘volunteering’ and ‘social activism’, see Henriksen and Svedberg (2010).
- 13.
It also points in the direction of building ‘club goods’ of interest to members, not least within sports, culture and leisure organizations (Buchanan, 1965).
- 14.
It should be mentioned that the stronger state-orientation in Sweden also meant a somewhat more limited role for the voluntary sector in these important matters compared to in Denmark and Norway.
- 15.
This is so even if some parts of the ‘new’ social movements, like the handicap movement, the environmental movement and to some extent the women’s movement, are still using this organizational format. However, these movements are characterized by relatively small numbers of active members and volunteers and a growing amount of employed professionals.
- 16.
However, this may not be the whole story and some have argued that philanthropy is not only increasing right now but that these forces have never disappeared, despite being weak and more and more squeezed by the labour movement’s own organizations (self-help), the rise of interest groups (handicap organizations for instance) and the growth of state responsibility (Lützen, 1997; Svedberg, 2013).
- 17.
In the case of much of what is coming later, the thought that ideas have great autonomy and are significant in their own right, regardless of where they come from or who puts them forward, is far more central, i.e. from representation to voice (Tranvik & Selle, 2008).
- 18.
The term “passive member” is also relevant at the organizational level. Many local associations do not engage extensively with the national organization to which they belong.
- 19.
In large sections of the social capital tradition as this is broadly understood, not to mention in significant sections of democratic theory, the ideal of the active citizen stands tall whereas passive membership is of little worth. But much points in the direction of passive membership being important not only for organizations themselves but also for the position of the sector as a whole in Scandinavia (Selle, 2013).
- 20.
Similar studies were, however, done in Jyväskylä in Finland in 2008, and a comparison of the organized civil societies in Norway, Denmark, and Finland can be found in Wollebæk, Ibsen, and Siisiäinen (2010).
- 21.
- 22.
In general, we lack reliable and broad comparative data on organizational density. However, according to one study which mapped organizations in European cities in the beginning of 2000, cities in Scandinavia stand out in organizational density compared to most other European cities in the study (Maloney & Roβteutscher, 2007).
- 23.
Because respondents may have done voluntary work in multiple organizational fields, the numbers do not sum up to 100%.
- 24.
One reason for the increase in the proportion of volunteers within this type of organization in Norway from 1998 to 2004, however, is that housing cooperatives (borettslag) were not included as an alternative in 1998. Despite stability in Table 2.1, there has, in the Swedish case, been a considerable growth in the sub-category of housing due to a growing number of housing cooperatives (bostadsrättsföreningar).
- 25.
- 26.
This is the case despite the fact that the latest Swedish population survey on civic engagement, in 2014, also captured those who volunteer in organizations outside the civil society framework, such as volunteering with private firms, and where membership is simply not part of the equation.
- 27.
There are those who are taking these changes very far, arguing that we may see a development in the direction of organizations without members, in which individual activity (volunteering) becomes increasingly independent of specific organizations and in which organizations do not need members in the traditional way. See Papakostas (2012); Tranvik and Selle (2007).
- 28.
We want to thank Bjarte Folkestad for help in preparing this figure.
- 29.
However, one should not take for granted that professionals are always primarily supporters of an administrative culture and not supporters of the voluntary culture. A study of organizational change in larger Norwegian voluntary organizations argues that many of the professionals, named professional idealists, may be the core to the survival of that tradition (Tranvik & Selle, 2008).
- 30.
In the initial understanding, a layman was a common man who conveys Christianity but was not devoted to an ecclesiastical job (priest etc.). Today, the term is used of a person who is not a professional. The laymen-concept is an important and complex concept that has played an important role within Scandinavian democratic culture. We do not have space here to go into this complex, fascinating and important dimension.
- 31.
An alternative explanation might be that many people are non-members at younger ages, but join as they grow older, in which case this may be more connected to lifecycle changes than aging per se (for Sweden see Svedberg et al., 2010; von Essen et al., 2015). In Norway, however, this seems not to be the case (Folkestad et al., 2015).
- 32.
However, this does not imply that much engagement and motivation is not still rooted in the popular mass movement tradition. This tradition still has an important impact on thinking, organizing and performance, not the least in Sweden (von Essen et al., 2015).
References
Åberg, I. (1988). Revivalism, philanthropy and emancipation. Women’s liberation and organization in the early nineteenth century. Scandinavian Journal of History, 13(4), 399–420.
Åmark, K. (2005). Hundra år av välfärdspolitik: Välfärdsstatens framväxt i Norge och Sverige. Umeå: Borea förlag.
Andersen, J. G. (2002). Danskernes deltagelse i foreningsliv og græsrodsbevægelser, 1979–2000. In F. Mikkelsen (Ed.), Bevægelser idemokrati. Foreninger og kollektive aktioner i Danmark (pp. 198–228). Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
Arnesen, D., Sivesind, K. H., & Gulbrandsen, T. (2016). Fra medlemsbaserte organisasjoner til koordinert frivillighet? Det norske organisasjonssamfunnet fra 1980 til 2013. Report 2016:5. Bergen/Oslo: Center for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector.
Baer, D. (2007). Voluntary association involvement in comparative perspective. In L. Trägårdh (Ed.), State and civil society in Northern Europe. The Swedish model reconsidered (pp. 67–125). New York: Berghahn Books.
Bager, T. (1992). Andelsorganisering: En analyse af danske andelsorganisationers udviklingsprocesser. Esbjerg: Sydjysk Universitetsforlag.
Berggren, H., & Trägårdh, L. (2010). Pippi Longstocking: The autonomous child and the moral logic of the Swedish welfare state. In H. Mattsson & S.-O. Wallenstein (Eds.), Swedish modernism: Architecture, consumption and the welfare state (pp. 10–23). London: Black Dog Publishing.
Berglund, S., & Lindström, U. (1978). The Scandinavian party system(s): A comparative study. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Berven, N., & Selle, P. (Eds.). (2001). Svekket kvinnemakt? De frivillige organisasjonene og velferdsstaten. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
Boje, T. P. (2017). Civilsamfund, medborgerskab og deltagelse. Copenhagen: Hans Reitzels forlag.
Boje, T. P., & Ibsen, B. (2006). Frivillighed og nonprofit i Danmark – omfang, organisation, økonomi og beskæftigelse. Report 06:18. Copenhagen: The Danish National Centre for Social Research.
Buchanan, J. M. (1965). An economic theory of clubs. Economica, 32(125), 1–14.
Bundesen, P., Henriksen, L. S., & Jørgensen, A. (2001). Filantropi, selvhjælp og interesseorganisering. Frivillige organisationer i dansk socialpolitik 1849–1990erne. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag.
Campbell, A., & Rokkan, S. (1960). Citizen participation in political life: Norway and the United States of America. Journal of Political Ideology, 15(3), 289–302.
Christensen, D. A., Strømsnes, K., & Wollebæk, D. (2011). Organisasjonssamfunnet i Hordaland 1999–2009. Report 2011:3. Bergen/Oslo: Center for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector.
Dekker, P., & van den Broek, A. (1998). Civil Society in Comparative Perspective: Involvement in voluntary associations in North America and Western Europe. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 9(1), 11–38.
van Deth, J. W., Montero, J. R., & Westholm, A. (Eds.). (2007). Citizenship and involvement in European democracies. A comparative analysis. London: Routledge.
Einarsson, T., & Hvenmark, J. (2012). Efter medlemskapet? Engagemang och föreningsliv i ett nytt tidevarv. In F. Wijkström (Ed.), Civilsamhället i samhällskontraktet (pp. 71–92). Stockholm: European Civil Society Press.
Enjolras, B., & Strømsnes, K. (2018a). The transformation of the Scandinavian voluntary sector. In B. Enjolras & K. Strømsnes (Eds.), Scandinavian civil society and social transformations: The case of Norway (pp. 1–18). Cham: Springer.
Enjolras, B., & Strømsnes, K. (2018b). The reconfiguration of the Norwegian voluntary sector model. In B. Enjolras & K. Strømsnes (Eds.), Scandinavian civil society and social transformations: The case of Norway (pp. 165–186). Cham: Springer.
von Essen, J., Jegermalm, M., & Svedberg, L. (2015). Folk i rörelse – medborgerligt engagemang 1992–2014. Government Offices of Sweden.
Folkestad, B., Christensen, D. A., Strømsnes, K., & Selle, P. (2015). Frivillig innsats i Noreg 1998–2014. Kva kjenneteikner dei frivillige og kva har endra seg? Report 2015:4. Bergen/Oslo: Center for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector.
Frederiksen, M., Henriksen, L. S., & Qvist, H. P. (2014). Mainstreaming effects on volunteering? The case of Denmark. Journal of Civil Society, 10(3), 317–334.
Fridberg, T., & Henriksen, L. S. (Eds.). (2014). Udviklingen i frivilligt arbejde 2004–2012. Report 14:09. Copenhagen: The Danish National Centre for Social Research.
Gavelin, K. (2018). The Terms of Involvement: A study of attempts to reform civil society’s role in public decision making in Sweden. Stockholm Studies in Politics 172, Department of Political Science, Stockholm University.
Grendstad, G., Selle, P., Strømsnes, K., & Bortne, Ø. (2006). Unique environmentalism. A comparative perspective. New York: Springer.
Grubb, A. & Henriksen, L. S. (forthcoming). On the changing civic landscapes and their consequences for civic action.
Gundelach, P. (1988). Sociale bevægelser og samfundsændringer. Århus: Politica.
Habermann, U., & Ibsen, B. (1997). Den frivillige sektor i Danmark: 150-års historisk utveckling. Odense: Center for frivilligt social arbejde.
Hall, P. A., & Lamont, M. (2013). Why social relations matter for politics and successful societies. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 49–71.
Heckscher, G. (2010/1951). Staten och organisationerna. Stockholm: European Civil Society Press.
Henriksen, L. S. (2014). Ikke-konventionelle former for frivilligt engagement. In T. Fridberg & L. S. Henriksen (Eds.), Udviklingen i frivilligt arbejde 2004–2012 (pp. 69–103). Report (Vol. 14, p. 09). Copenhagen: The Danish National Centre for Social Research.
Henriksen, L. S. (2015). Contradictions and controversies in Danish civil society discourse. Cursiv, (15), 17–25.
Henriksen, L. S., & Bundesen, P. (2004). The moving frontier in Denmark: Voluntary-state relationships since 1850. Journal of Social Policy, 33(4), 605–625.
Henriksen, L. S., & Svedberg, L. (2010). Volunteering and social activism: Moving beyond the traditional divide. Journal of Civil Society, 6(2), 95–98.
Hustinx, L. (2010). Institutionally individualized volunteering: Towards a late modern re-construction. Journal of Civil Society, 6(2), 165–179.
Hvenmark, J. (2008). Reconsidering membership. A study of individual members’ formal affiliation with democratically governed federations. Stockholm: European Civil Society Press.
Hvenmark, J. (2013). Business as usual? Administrative Theory & Praxis, 35(2), 223–247.
Ibsen, B., & Espersen, H. H. (2016). Kommunernes samarbejde med civile aktører. Copenhagen: KORA/University of Southern Denmark.
Ibsen, B. (2002). En eller flere idrætsorganisationer – hvorfor forskelle mellem de nordiske lande. In H. Eichberg & B. V. Madsen (Eds.), Idrættens enhed eller mangfoldighed. Aarhus: Klim.
Ibsen, B., Thøgersen, M., & Levinsen, K. (2013). Kontinuitet og forandring i foreningslivet. Analyser af foreningslivets udbredelse, sammensætning og karakteristika i 00’erne. Report 2013:11. Odense: Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society.
Jansson, T. (1985). Adertonhundratalets associationer. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
Johansson, H. (1952). Folkrörelserna och det demokratiska statsskicket i Sverige. Lund: Gleerup.
Jordansson, B. (1998). Den goda människan från Göteborg. Genus och fattigvårdspolitik i det borgerliga samhällets framväxt. Lund: Arkiv.
Jordansson, B., & Vammen, T. (Eds.). (1998). Charitable women: Philanthropic welfare 1780–1930: A Nordic and interdisciplinary anthology. Odense: Odense University Press.
Klausen, K. K., & Selle, P. (1996). The third sector in Scandinavia. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 7(2), 99–122.
Korsgaard, O. (2008). The struggle for the people: Five hundred years of Danish history in short. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
Korsgaard, O. (2014). N.F.S. Grundtvig – As a political thinker. Copenhagen: DJØF Forlag.
Kuhnle, S., & Selle, P. (1992). Government and voluntary organizations. A relational perspective. Aldershot: Avebury.
Levinsen, K., & Ibsen, B. (2017). Foreningers samarbejde med kommunale institutioner. Report 2017:2. Odense: Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society Movements.
Linde, S., & Scaramuzzino, R. (2017). En svensk modell för civilsamhället? Organisationer inom det sociala området. In S. Linde & R. Scaramuzzino (Eds.), Socialt arbete i civlsamhället (pp. 77–99). Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Lindqvist, R. (1990). Från folkrörelse till välfärdsbyråkrati. Lund: Arkiv.
Lundh Nilsson, F., & Nilsson, A. (2010). Introduktion. In F. Lundh Nilsson & A. Nilsson (Eds.), Två sidor av samma mynt? Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Lundqvist, S. (1977). Folkrörelserna i det svenska samhället 1850–1920. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
Lundström, T., & Svedberg, L. (2003). The voluntary sector in a social democratic welfare state: The case of Sweden. Journal of Social Policy, 32(2), 217–238.
Lützen, K. (1997). Byen tæmmes. Kernefamilie, sociale reformer og velgørenhed i 1800-tallets København. Copenhagen: Hans Reitzels Forlag.
Maloney, W. A., & Roβteutscher, S. (2007). Social capital and associations in European democracies. A comparative analysis. London: Routledge.
Marklund, S. (1982). Klass, stat och socialpolitik. Lund: Arkiv förlag.
Micheletti, M. (1994). Det civila samhället och staten. Medborgarsammanslutningarnas roll i svensk politik. Stockholm: Publica/Fritzes.
Ministry for refugees, Immigrants and Integration. (2011). Medborgerskab i Danmark. Regeringens arbejdsgruppe for bedre integration. Copenhagen: GP-Tryk A/S.
Møller, J. F. (2005). Grundtvigianismen i det 20. århundrede. Copenhagen: Vartov.
Olsen, J. P. (Ed.). (1978). Politisk organisering. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Papakostas, A. (2012). De medlemslösa organisationernas tidevarv. In F. Wijkström (Ed.), Civilsamhället i samhällskontraktet: en antologi om vad som står på spel (pp. 35–54). Stockholm: European Civil Society Press.
Qvarsell, R. (1992). Välgörenhet, filantropi och frivilligt arbete – en historisk översikt. In SOU:1993:82, Frivilligt socialt arbete (pp. 217–241).
Qvarsell, R. (2015). Patriotism, paternalism och offentlig vård: Pro Patrias barnbördshus 1774–1951. In E. Amnå (Ed.), För det allmänna bästa (pp. 49–115). Stockholm: Kungliga sällskapet Pro Patria & Bokförlaget Atlantis.
Qvist, H. P., Henriksen, L. S., & Fridberg, T. (forthcoming). The consequences of weakening organizational attachment for volunteering in Denmark, 1993–2012. Unpublished paper.
Rambøll. (2017). Frivillighedsundersøgelsen 2017. Børne- og Socialministeriet.
Rokkan, S. (1970). Citizen, elections, parties. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Rothstein, B. (2003). Sociala fällor och tillitens problem. Stockholm: SNS Förlag.
Salamon, L., Sokolowski, W., & Haddock, M. A. (2017). Explaining civil society development. A social origins approach. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sejersted, F. (2005). Socialdemokratins tidsålder: Sverige och Norge under 1900-talet. Nora: Bokförlaget Nya Doxa.
Selle, P. (2013). Reflektioner kring medflemsmodellens betydelse. In L. Trägårdh, P. Selle, L. S. Henriksen, & H. Hallin (Eds.), Civilsamhället klämt mellan stat och kapital (pp. 49–63). Stockholm: SNS Förlag.
Selle, P., & Berven, N. (2001). Kvinner, organisering og makt. In N. Berven & P. Selle (Eds.), Svekket kvinnemakt? De frivillige organisasjonene og velferdsstaten (pp. 9–37). Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
Selle, P., & Øymyr, B. (1995). Frivillig organisering og demokrati: Det frivillige organisasjonssamfunnet endrar seg 1940–1990. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.
Selle, P., & Strømsnes, K. (2001). Membership and democracy. In P. Dekker & E. M. Uslaner (Eds.), Social capital and participation in everyday life (pp. 134–147). London: Routledge.
Selle, P., & Strømsnes, K. (forthcoming). The challenging position of civil society service production within the Norwegian welfare state. In S. E. O. Hort, S. Kuhnle, & P. Selle (Eds.), Globalizing welfare: An evolving dialogue.
Selle, P., Strømsnes, K., & Loga, J. (2018). State and civil society – A regime change? In B. Enjolras & K. Strømsnes (Eds.), Scandinavian civil society and social transformations: The case of Norway. Cham: Springer.
Selle, P., & Wollebæk, D. (2010). Why social democracy is not a civil society regime in Norway. Journal of Political Ideology, 15(3), 289–302.
Selle, P., & Wollebæk, D. (2012). Sivilsamfunn og tillit. In H. Skirbekk & H. Grimen (Eds.), Tillit i Norge (pp. 246–266). Oslo: Res Publica.
Selle, P., & Wollebæk, D. (2015). The complex relationship between civil society and trust. Italian Sociological Review, 5(3), 273–292.
Sivesind, K. H. (2017). The changing roles of for-profit and nonprofit welfare provision in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. In K. H. Sivesind & J. Saglie (Eds.), Promoting active citizenship? Markets and choice in Scandinavian welfare (pp. 33–74). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
SOU (1987:33). Ju mer vi är tillsammans. Government Offices of Sweden.
SOU (2016:13). Palett för ett stärkt civilsamhälle. Government Offices of Sweden.
Statistics Norway. (2017). Satellite account for non-profit institutions, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.ssb.no/en/nasjonalregnskap-ogkonjunkturer/statistikker/orgsat/aar/
Statistics Sweden. (2016). Det civila samhället 2014 – satelliträkenskaper. Report, 2016, 1.
Statistics Sweden. (2017). The civil society 2015 – Satellite Accounts. Retrieved from https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subjectarea/business-activities/structure-of-the-business-sector/the-civil-society/pong/statistical-news/the-civil-society-2015%2D%2Dsatellite-accounts/
Stenius, H. (2010). Nordic associational life in a European and an inter-Nordic perspective. In R. Alapuro & H. Stenius (Eds.), Nordic associations in a European perspective (pp. 29–86). Baden-Baden: Nomos verlag.
Strømsnes, K. (2013). Norsk frivillighetspolitik: Ny och enhetlig? In L. Trägårdh, P. Selle, L. S. Henriksen, & H. Hallin (Eds.), Civilsamhället klämt mellan stat och kapital (pp. 89–101). Stockholm: SNS Förlag.
Strømsnes, K., & Wollebæk, D. (2010). The strange coexistence of passive memberships and high social capital in Scandinavia. In R. Alapuro & H. Stenius (Eds.), Nordic associations in a European perspective (pp. 151–168). Baden-Baden: Nomos verlag.
Svedberg, L. (2013). Välgörenhet, paternalism och jämlikhet. In G. Silfverberg (Ed.), Acceptabel ojämlikhet? (pp. 67–88). Stockholm: Ersta Sköndal högskola.
Svedberg, L. (2016). Riksbyggen under 2000-talet – Visioner och vardag. In L. Svedberg, S. Wallman Lundåsen, J. von Essen, & R. Andersen (Eds.), Rum för engagemang – Om Riksbyggen i historia och samtid (pp. 41–60). Stockholm: Riksbyggen.
Svedberg, L.; Jegermalm, M., & von Essen, J. (2010). Svenskarmas engagemang är större än någonsin – insatser i och utanför föreningslivet. Government Offices of Sweden.
Svedberg, L., & Olsson, L. E. (2010). Voluntary organizations and welfare provision in Sweden: Is there such a thing? In A. Evers & A. Zimmer (Eds.), Third sector organizations facing turbulent environments (pp. 225–251). Baden-Baden: Nomos verlag.
Svedberg, L., & Trägårdh, L. (2006). Introduktion. In L. Svedberg & L. Trägårdh (Eds.), Det civila samhället som forskningsfält (pp. 9–24). Stockholm: Riksbankens Jubileumsfond/Gidlunds förlag.
The Economist. (2013). The Nordic Countries. The Next Supermodel. Special Issue.
Thörnberg, E. H. (1943). Folkrörelser och samhällsliv i Sverige. Stockholm: Alberts Bonniers förlag.
de Tocqueville, A. (1835). Democracy in America. New York: New American Library.
Trägårdh, L. (2000). Utopin om den sociala ekonomin. In F. Wijkström & T. Johnstad (Eds.), Om kooperation & social ekonomi (pp. 1–21). Stockholm: Föreningen Kooperativa Studier.
Trägårdh, L. (2013). Statsindividualismen och civilsamhället. In L. Trägårdh, P. Selle, L. S. Henriksen, & H. Hallin (Eds.), Civilsamhället klämt mellan stat och kapital. Stockholm: SNS förlag.
Trägårdh, L., Selle, P., Henriksen, L. S., & Hallin, H. (Eds.). (2013). Civilsamhället klämt mellan stat och kapital. Stockholm: SNS Förlag.
Trägårdh, L., Wallman Lundåsen, S., Wollebæk, D., & Svedberg, L. (2013). Den svala svenska tilliten. Stockholm: SNS förlag.
Tranvik, T., & Selle, P. (2005). State and citizen in Norway: Organizational society and the state-municipal relations. West European Politics, 28(4), 852–871.
Tranvik, T., & Selle, P. (2007). The rise and fall of popular mass movements: Organizational change and globalization – the Norwegian case. Acta Sociologica, 50(1), 57–70.
Tranvik, T., & Selle, P. (2008). Digital teknologi i sivilsamfunnet. Oslo: UNIPUB.
Vamstad, J. (2012). Kooperativt företagande i Sverige: en kunskapsöversikt om det kooperativa företagandets betydelse för demokrati, välfärd och tillväxt. Stockholm: Sektor 3.
Villadsen, K. (2004). Filantropiens genkomst – Medborgerskab, fællesskab og frihed under om-brydning. Dansk Sociologi, 15(1), 45–63.
Wijkström, F. (2012). Hybrider i civilsamhället. In F. Wijkström (Ed.), Civilsamhället i samhällskontraktet (pp. 93–122). Stockholm: European Civil Society Press.
Wijkström, F. (2015). Slutna rum för nygamla dygder. Ett sällskapsliv på uppmarsch. In E. Amnå (Ed.), För det allmänna bästa (pp. 281–313). Stockholm: Kungl. Sällskapet Pro Patria & Bokförlaget Atlantis.
Wijkström, F., & Einarsson, T. (2006). Från nationalstat till näringsliv? Det civila samhällets organisationsliv i förändring. Stockholm: Stockholm School of Economics.
Wollebæk, D., Ibsen, B., & Siisiäinen, M. (2010). Voluntary associations at the local level in three Nordic countries. In R. Alapuro & H. Stenius (Eds.), Nordic associations in a European perspective (pp. 121–150). Baden-Baden: Nomos verlag.
Wollebæk, D., Sætrang, S., & Fladmoe, A. (2015). Betingelser for frivillig innsats: Motivasjon og kontekst. Report 2015:1. Bergen/Oslo: Center for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector.
Wollebæk, D., & Selle, P. (2002). Does participation in voluntary organizations contribute to social capital? The impact of intensity, scope, and type. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 30(1), 32–61.
Wollebæk, D., & Selle, P. (2003). Generation and organizational change. In P. Dekker & L. Hallman (Eds.), The value of volunteering: Cross cultural perspectives (pp. 161–178). New York: Kluwer.
Wollebæk, D., & Selle, P. (2007). The origin of social capital. Socialization and institutionalization approaches compared. Journal of Civil Society, 3(1), 1–14.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Selle, P., Strømsnes, K., Svedberg, L., Ibsen, B., Henriksen, L.S. (2019). The Scandinavian Organizational Landscape: Extensive and Different. In: Henriksen, L.S., Strømsnes, K., Svedberg, L. (eds) Civic Engagement in Scandinavia. Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98717-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98717-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98716-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98717-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)