Skip to main content

The International Regime Prohibiting Chemical Weapons and Its Evolution

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Regulating Global Security

Abstract

The chemical weapons prohibition regime is unique among the regimes addressing nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. It qualifies as a strong prohibition regime with a high norm density and a dedicated international organisation to verify implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, and assist states parties with its implementation, nationally and internationally. The paper adopts a broader institutional approach and utilises elements of historical institutionalism to analyse the evolution of the regime. More specifically it addresses the norms providing guidance to states on chemical weapons disarmament, non-proliferation, national implementation, and assistance and protection against chemical weapons use before discussing Syrian accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention and its implications for evolution of the regime as it seeks to transition to a world free of chemical weapons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbott, K. W., & Snidal, D. (1998). Why States Act Through Formal International Organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(1), 3–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, S. (2011). Do We Really Need a New ‘Constructivist Institutionalism’ to Explain Institutional Change? British Journal of Political Science, 41(4), 883–906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fioretos, O. (2011). Historical Institutionalism in International Relations. International Organization, 65(2), 367–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holsti, K. J. (2004). Taming the Sovereigns: Institutional Change in International Politics. Cambrige: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Islamic Republic of Iran. (2011, December 1). Statement by H.E. Kazem Gharib Abadi Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the Sixteenth Session of the Conference of the States Parties: Explanation of Vote on the Draft Decision on the Final Extended Deadline of 29 April 2012, document C-16/NAT.13, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelle, A. (2002). The First CWC Review Conference: Taking Stock and Paving the Way Ahead. Disarmament Forum, 4, 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelle, A. (2004). Assessing the Effectiveness of Security Regimes: The Chemical Weapons Control Regime’s First 6 Years of Operation. International Politics, 41(2), 221–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelle, A. (2014). Prohibiting Chemical and Biological Weapons: Multilateral Regimes and Their Evolution. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, I. R., & Feakes, D. (Eds.). (2007). The Creation of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: A Case Study in the Birth of an Intergovernmental Organisation. The Hague: TMC Asser Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keohane, R. (1989). Neoliberal Institutionalism: A Perspective on World Politics. In R. Keohane (Ed.), International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (pp. 1–20). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasner, S. D. (1982). Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. International Organization, 36(2), 185–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, J., & Thelen, K. (2010). A Theory of Gradual Institutional Change. In J. Mahoney & K. Thelen (Eds.), Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency and Power (pp. 1–37). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mexico. (2011, November 28). Statement by Ambassador Jorge Lomónaco, Permanent Representative of Mexico at the Sixteenth Session of the Conference of the States Parties, document C-16/NAT.23, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2003a, May 9). Report of the First Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (First Review Conference) 28 April–9 May 2003, document RC-I/5, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2003b, October 24). Decision: Plan of Action Regarding the Implementation of Article VII Obligations, document C-8/DEC.16, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2008, April 18). Report of the Second Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (Second Review Conference), 7–18 April 2008, document RC-2/4, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2011, December 1). Decision. Final Extended Destruction Deadline of 29 April 2012, document C-16/DEC.11, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2013a, April 19). Report of the Third Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, 8–19 April 2013, document RC-3/3*, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2013b, September 17). Joint National Paper by the Russian Federation and the United States of America: Framework for the Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons, Dated 14 September 2013, document EC–M–33/NAT.1, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2013c, September 27). Decision: Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons, document EC–M–33/DEC.1, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2013d, November 15). Decision: Detailed Requirements for the Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons and Syrian Chemical Weapons Production Facilities, document EC–M–34/DEC.1, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2013e, December 15). Plan for the Destruction of the Syrian Chemical Weapons Outside the Territory of the Syrian Arab Republic, document EC–M–36/DG.3.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2014, December 3). Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2013, document C-19/4, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2015a, March 6). Note by the Technical Secretariat. The OPCW in 2025: Ensuring a World Free of Chemical Weapons, document S/1252/2015, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2015b, December 4). Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2014, document C-20/4, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2015c, June 17). Disposal of Effluents from Neutralised Syrian Chemical Weapons Completed, OPCW Press Release, The Hague. https://www.opcw.org/news/article/disposal-of-effluents-from-neutralised-syrian-chemical-weapons-completed/. Accessed June 29, 2018.

  • OPCW. (2015d, December 4). Report of the Twentieth Session of the Conference of the States Parties, 30 November–4 December 2015, document C-20/5, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2016a, July 14). Decision: Establishment of an Open-Ended Working Group on the Future Priorities of the OPCW, document EC-82/DEC.2, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2016b, May 10). Note by the Technical Secretariat: Establishment of a Rapid Response Assistance Team, document S/1381/2016, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2016c, November 11). Decision: OPCW-United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism Reports on Chemical Weapons Use in the Syrian Arab Republic, document EC-83/DEC.5, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2017a, August 30). Status of Implementation of Article X of the Chemical Weapons Convention as at 30 June 2017, document EC-86/DG.13, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2017b, October 4). Note by the Director-General: Outcome of Further Consultations with the Syrian Arab Republic Regarding Its Chemical Weapons Declaration, document EC-86/DG.30, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2018a, May 29). Note by the Technical Secretariat: Review of the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention Since the Third Review Conference, document WGRC-4/S/1, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2018b, June 4). Report of the Sixtieth Meeting of the Executive Council, document EC-M-60/2, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • OPCW. (2018c, June 27). Report of the Fourth Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties, document C-SS-4/3, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, B. G. (2011). Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism (3rd rev. ed.). New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, R. T. (1997). The Chemical Weapons Taboo. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. P. P. (1998). The Negotiations on the Chemical Weapons Convention: A Historical Overview. In M. Bothe, N. Ronzitti, & A. Rosas (Eds.), The New Chemical Weapons Convention—Implementation and Prospects (pp. 17–36). The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, E. (2006). Historical Institutionalism. In R. A. W. Rhodes, S. A. Binder, & B. A. Rockman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions (pp. 39–55). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • SIPRI. (1971). The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vol. IV: CB Disarmament Negotiations, 1920–1970. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Switzerland. (2008a, April 9). Risk Assessment of the Different Types of Plant Sites/Facilities Under Article VI of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), document RC-2/NAT.11. The Hague: OPCW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Switzerland. (2008b, April 9). Assistance and Cooperation Against Chemical Weapons, document RC-2/NAT.10. The Hague: OPCW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabassi, L., & Spence, S. (2004). Improving CWC Implementation: The OPCW Action Plan. In T. Findlay (Ed.), Verification Yearbook 2004 (pp. 45–64). London: VERTIC.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2013a). Secretary-General receives Syria’s Formal Accession to Treaty Banning Chemical Weapons, News Item Dated 14 September 2013. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45852#.VnQUH_krLcs. Accessed December 8, 2013.

  • United Nations. (2013b). United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic: Report on the Alleged Use of Chemical, Weapons in the Ghouta Area of Damascus on 21 August 2013, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2013c). Resolution 2118 (2013) Adopted by the Security Council at Its 7038th Meeting, on 27 September 2013, document S/RES/2118 (2013), New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2015a, February 25). Letter Dated 25 February 2015 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, document S/2015/138, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2015b, November 24). Letter Dated 24 November 2015 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, document S/2015/908, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2015c). Resolution 2235 (2015) Adopted by the Security Council at Its 7501st Meeting, on 7 August 2015, document S/RES/2235 (2015), New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2016a). Letter Dated 24 August 2016 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, document S/2016/738, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2016b). Letter Dated 21 October 2016 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, document S/2016/888, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2016). Resolution 2319 (2016) Adopted by the Security Council at its 7815th Meeting, on 17 November 2016, document S/RES/2319 (2016), New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2017). Letter Dated 26 October 2017 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, document S/2017/904, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kelle, A. (2019). The International Regime Prohibiting Chemical Weapons and Its Evolution. In: Hynek, N., Ditrych, O., Stritecky, V. (eds) Regulating Global Security . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98599-2_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics