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Quantum Photonics: Pioneering Advances and Emerging Applications pp 179–206Cite as

Time-Multiplexed Methods for Optical Quantum Information Processing

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Part of the book series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences ((SSOS,volume 217))

Abstract

Quantum information processing with photons can be greatly enhanced by incorporating time-multiplexing methods. Not only can time-bin encoding be very useful in its own right, multiplexing techniques can lead to more efficient single- and multi-photon sources, improved detectors, and high-bandwidth quantum memories, as well as enhanced applications such as quantum random walks and entanglement swapping. Here we present an overview of some of the methods used and the results achievable when explicitly using the time degree of freedom of photons.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Indistinguishability of sequentially generated photons from a single semiconductor quantum dot has been reported [11,12,13,14].

  2. 2.

    A similar technique based on “spatial” multiplexing has also been proposed [28,29,30,31,32], but this is much more resource intensive: a spatial-multiplexed source analogous to the time-multiplexed source described here would need \(\sim \)30 photon pair sources (either using independent crystals or by extracting multiple photon-pair sources from a single crystal), low-loss binary (2 to 1) switchyard elements, and detectors.

  3. 3.

    The difference comes from the photon-number statistics of SPDC sources. For a source generating heralded photons in mixed states, the photon number distribution follows Poissonian statistics, whereas one generating pure states exhibits statistics associated with a thermal distribution [44].

  4. 4.

    Note that the non-multiplexed single-photon probability can actually be lower for pure heralded single-photon sources than for ones generating mixed states (see Table 5.1) because of their different photon-number statistics, i.e., thermal for a single-mode SPDC source versus Poissonian for multimode states [44]; multiplexing is consequently even more important to suppress unwanted multiple-photon events.

  5. 5.

    Finding a computational application is challenging given the sampling aspect—if the device yields a different outcome each time it runs, how does the outcome answer a well-defined question, and how could one map it to a problem of interest?

  6. 6.

    If the initial periodic source frequency is too low, one can incorporate an optical “compressor” to reduce the interval between photons. For example, the scheme in Fig. 5.5b can convert a stream of single photons at a rate of 1/\(\upmu \)s into a burst of \(n = 8\) photons spaced by \(6 \mathrm {\ ns}\). This is achieved by adjusting the round-trip time from PBS1 through the Herriot cell back to PBS1 to a time which is \(6\mathrm {\ ns}\) less than the original repetition rate of the single-photon source. Thus, each time a new photon enters there will be photons leading this with a spacing of \(6\mathrm {\ ns}\). The Pockels cell in this setup should operate at the source repetition rate to switch each new photon into the loop. Finally, after 8 round trips the Pockels cell will be activated to emit all stored photons through PBS2.

  7. 7.

    One potential disadvantage for time-bin encoding when using a free-space communication channel is that the unbalanced interferometers used to analyze the states are usually only reliable for a single spatial mode, i.e., multiple spatial modes will each have a different path length imbalance, degrading the overall system performance unless one accepts the loss of single-mode filtering; however, by including “4f”-imaging optics in both arms—essentially imaging the first beamsplitter onto the second—one can achieve a path imbalance that is independent of the incident beam tilt [80]. We have realized such a system, and demonstrated multi-mode visibilities above 93%, for input tilt angles up to 150 \(\upmu \)rad.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801-3080, USA

    Michelle Victora & Paul Kwiat

  2. Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan

    Fumihiro Kaneda

  3. Bergmann Messgeraete Entwicklung KG, Murnau, 82418, Germany

    Fedor Bergmann

  4. DSO National Laboratories, 12 Science Park Drive, Singapore, S118225, Singapore

    Jia Jun Wong

  5. The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA

    Austin Graf

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  4. Jia Jun Wong
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  5. Austin Graf
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  6. Paul Kwiat
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Michelle Victora or Paul Kwiat .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Robert W. Boyd

  2. The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

    Svetlana G. Lukishova

  3. Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia

    Victor N. Zadkov

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Victora, M., Kaneda, F., Bergmann, F., Wong, J.J., Graf, A., Kwiat, P. (2019). Time-Multiplexed Methods for Optical Quantum Information Processing. In: Boyd, R., Lukishova, S., Zadkov, V. (eds) Quantum Photonics: Pioneering Advances and Emerging Applications. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 217. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98402-5_5

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