Abstract
Healthcare is complex and dentistry is no exception. The main component of this chapter, originally authored by Dr. Mark Diehl, introduces the reader to the many elements that come into place when delivering care. System design should lead to tools that support clinicians and help them navigate all aspects of care. Mark then took the painstaking job of describing how, through modeling and subsequent standards, it is possible to capture complexity and draw elements that can inform our understanding of the context where electronic health records operate for dentists (and other healthcare professionals). A brief discussion in the end of this chapter also introduces the reader about what are the social-technical issues in including oral health in national standards authored by Dr. Valerie Powell and Mr. Ted Klein. We deemed it important to retain Mark’s original text, as it continues to inform how to better manage healthcare information as well as Valerie and Ted’s original text on anticipating oral health inclusion in national standards to provide a practical view on the issue.
† (Deceased)
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Notes
- 1.
The American Dental Association House of Delegates Resolution 92H-1996 states this vision of seamless accessibility of health information throughout all aspects of health care, independent of profession, discipline or specialty, or care delivery environment.
- 2.
Storing data in the long term.
- 3.
ASTM 2145-07 Standard Practice for Information Modeling. Available from www.ASTM.org
- 4.
Louis H. Sullivan regarded excessively decorative elements as superfluous. Likewise in information modeling, excessive detail and ornamentation contribute little to understanding, rather these serve to complicate design, inhibit comprehension, and ultimately defeat the purposes of information modeling. See http://www.famousquotesandauthors.com/authors/louis_h_sullivan_quotes.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Sullivan
- 5.
IDEF methodology described by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Federal Information Processing Standards Publications 183 Integrated Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) and 184 Integrated Definition for Information Modeling (IDEF1X), 23 December 1993. IDEF0 aims at capturing “decisions”, “actions” and “activities” and IDEF1X has the goal of modeling data for using it as a resource. These use graphical representations as part of the modeling process.
- 6.
Bourke, M. K. Strategy and Architecture of Health care Information Systems. New York: Springer. 1994.
- 7.
United States Department of Defense, Military Health System (MHS) IDEF Process and Data Models used in the MHS Functional Area Model–Activity (FAM-A), and MHS Functional Area Model–Data (FAM-D), various dates.
- 8.
This Diagnostic-Therapeutic Cycle is variously known by a variety of terms and is widely cited in the medicine texts used in first-year professional education; this is also noted in Van Bemmel, J., and M. A. Musen (Eds.). Handbook of Medical Informatics. first edition. Springer. 1997.
- 9.
Other conceptual models are centered on the provider, the procedure, or the encounter.
References
American Dental Association. Council on dental practice: supplemental record 1 – seamless electronic patient record. Supplement to annual reports and resolutions. Chicago, IL: American Dental Association; 1996. p. 282–3.
DICOM. DICOM correction item CP-643, add veterinary identification tags. 2006. ftp://medicalnemaorg/MEDICAL/Dicom/Final/cp643_ftpdf. Accessed 10 Jun 2018.
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Schleyer T, Eisner J. The computer-based oral health record: an essential tool for cross-provider quality management. CDA J. 1994;22:57–64.
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Diehl, M., Klein, T., Powell, V. (2019). American National Standards for Health Data Integration. In: Acharya, A., Powell, V., Torres-Urquidy, M., Posteraro, R., Thyvalikakath, T. (eds) Integration of Medical and Dental Care and Patient Data. Health Informatics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98298-4_14
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