Abstract
Artificial intelligence can be defined as computer systems which have been designed to interact with the world through abilities (e.g. visual perception and speech recognition) and intelligent behaviours (e.g. evaluating the available information and then taking the most sensible action to achieve a defined aim) that we would think of as principally humans. Initially, research has focused on letting software do things better, in which computers have always been doing better, such as the analysis of large datasets. However, the use of artificial intelligence in our day-to-day life has increased exponentially. Data forms the basis for the development of artificial intelligent software systems that will not only collect information but is able to learn, understand and interpret information, adapt its behaviour, plan, conclude, solve problems, think abstract, come up with ideas and understand and interpret language. Thanks to AI, a smart phone can detect cancer and a smart watch can detect a stroke. Machine learning is infiltrating and optimizing nearly every aspect of medicine from the way 911 emergency services are dispatched to assisting doctors during surgery. People can even quit smoking or kick opiate addiction with the help of AI. AI scientists are currently developing new approaches in machine learning, computer modelling and probability statistics to improve decision-making processes and are using decision theory and neuroscience to drive the progress of more effective healthcare and education as well as economics. This chapter will discuss the science of AI and explore the importance of big data and AI strategies. It will expand to discuss AI and medicine as well as medical education. It will conclude with discussion of AI and education as well as the future of artificial intelligence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Tsang L, Kracov DA, Mulryne J, Strom L, Perkins N, Dickinson R, Wallace VM, Jones B. The impact of artificial intelligence on medical innovation in the European Union and United States. J Intellect Prop Technol Law. 2017;29:8. https://www.arnoldporter.com/~/media/files/perspectives/publications/2017/08/the-impact-of-artificial-inteelligence-on-medical-innovation.pdf.
Fenton JJ, Taplin SH, Carney PA, et al. Influence of computer-aided detection on performance of screening mammography. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1399–409.
Gawad J, Bonde C. Artificial intelligence: future of medicine and healthcare. Biochem Ind J. 2017;11(2):113.
Bentley P, Brundage M, Häggström O, Metzinger T, Gutenberg J. Should we fear artificial intelligence? In-depth analysis. Eur Parliam Res Serv. 2018; https://doi.org/10.2861/412165. Accessed on 13 May 2018
Schoenauer M, Bonnet Y, Berthet C, Cornut A-C, Levin F, Rondepierre B. For a meaningful artificial intelligence. 2018. https://www.aiforhumanity.fr/pdfs/MissionVillani_Report_ENG-VF.pdf. Accessed on 13 May 2018.
Winston PH. Artificial intelligence. 3rd ed. Reading: Addison-Wesley; 1992. p. 5.
Wachsmuth I. The concept of intelligence in artificial intelligence. In: Cruse H, editor. Prerational intelligence: adaptive behavior and intelligent systems without symbols and logic, vol. 1: Springer; 2000. p. 43–55. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-94-010-0870-9%2F1.pdf.
Taddy M. Chicago booth and microsoft. The technological elements of artificial intelligence. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c14021.pdf. Accessed on 13 May 2018.
van Seijen H, Fatemi M, Romoff J, Laroche R, Barnes T, Tsang J. Hybrid reward architecture for reinforcement learning. 2017. arXiv:1706.04208.
Susan A. Beyond prediction: using big data for policy problems. Science. 2017;355:483–5.
Timothy B. General purpose technologies. Handb Econ Innov. 2010;2:761–91.
Agarwal A, Hsu D, Kale S, Langford J, Li L, Schapire R. Taming the monster: a fast and simple algorithm for contextual bandits. In: Proceedings of the 31 st International Conference on Machine Learning, Beijing, China, 2014. JMLR: W&CP, volume 32. p. 1638–46. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v32/agarwalb14.pdf.
Rouse M. Machine learning (ML). 2017. https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/machine-learning-ML. Accessed on 13 May 2018.
Gibson A, Patterson J. Major architectures of deep networks. Chapter 4 in deep learning: a practitioner’s approach. O’Reilly. 2017. http://opencarts.org/sachlaptrinh/pdf/27976.pdf. Accessed on 13 May 2018.
Morgan JP. Big data and AI strategies: machine learning and alternative data approach to investing. 2017. http://valuesimplex.com/articles/JPM.pdf.
Artificial Intelligence And Life In 2030. One hundred year study on artificial intelligence. Report Of The 2015 Study Panel. 2016. https://ai100.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/ai_100_report_0831fnl.pdf. Accessed on 15 May 2018.
Is artificial intelligence transforming education. Acer education. http://eu-acerforeducation.acer.com/innovative-technologies/is-artificial-intelligence-transforming-education/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI04Xai9j52gIVTbftCh178wauEAAYAiAAEgI6CfD_BwE. Accessed on 16 May 2018.
Gardner H. Multiple intelligences: the theory in practice. New York: Basic Books; 1993.
Perkins D. Outsmarting IQ: the emerging science of learnable intelligence. New York: The Free Press; 1995.
Sternberg, Robert (1988). The triarchic mind: a new theory of human intelligence. New York: Penguin Books. Information about Sternberg and his writings is available at: http://www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/KeyTheorists/Sternberg.htm. Accessed 16 May 2018.
Moursund D. Brief introduction to educational implications of artificial intelligence. 2006. E:\Teaching Rheumatology\Book chapters\Section IV\Artificial intelligence\educational implications of AI.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2018.
Self J. The defining characteristics of intelligent tutoring systems research: ITSs care, precisely. Int J Artif Intell Educ (IJAIEd). 1999;10:350–64.
Luckin R, Holmes W, Griffiths M, Forcier LB. Intelligence unleashed. An argument for AI in education. London: Pearson; 2016. https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/corporate/global/pearson-dot-com/files/innovation/Intelligence-Unleashed-Publication.pdf. Accessed on 16th May 2018
Italk2learn. http://www.italk2learn.eu.
Grawemeyer B, Mavrikis M, Holmes W, Gutiérrez-Santos S. Adapting feedback types according to students’ affective states. In: Conati C, Heffernan N, Mitrovic A, Verdejo MF, editors. Artificial intelligence in education 17th international conference, AIEd 2015. Madrid, Spain, June 22-26, 2015 Proceedings, vol. 9112. Madrid: Springer; 2015.
Litman D. Language processing in AIEd: successes and challenges. In: Craig SD, Dicheva D, editors. Presented at the panel on the evolution of AIEd @ AIEd09. Brighton; 2009. http://www.questiongeneration.org/AIED2009/.
Dimitrova V, Mccalla G, Bull S. Preface: “Open learner models: future research directions”. Int J Artif Intell Educ. 2007;17:217–226. IOS Press.
Du Boulay B, Rebolledo-Mendez G, Luckin R, Martínez-Mirón E, Harris A. Motivationally intelligent systems: diagnosis and feedback. In: Proceedings of the 31 st International Conference on Machine Learning, Beijing, China, 2014. JMLR: W&CP, volume 32. p. 563–5. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v32/agarwalb14.pdf.
Johnson WL, Valente A. Tactical language and culture training systems: using AI to teach foreign languages and cultures. AI Mag. 2009;30(2):72.
Dillenbourg P, Baker MJ, Blaye A, O’Malley C. The evolution of research on collaborative learning. In: Reimann P, Spada H, editors. Learning in humans and machine: towards an interdisciplinary learning science. Bingley: Emerald; 1995. p. 189–211.
Slavin RE. Co-operative learning: what makes group-work work. In: Hanna D, David I, Francisco B, editors. The nature of learning: using research to inspire practice. Chicago: OECD Publishing; 2010. p. 161–78.
Muehlenbrock M. Learning group formation based on learner profile and context. Int J E-Learning. 2006;5(1):19.
McLaren BM, Scheuer O, Mikšátko J. Supporting collaborative learning and e-discussions using artificial intelligence techniques. Int J Artif Intell Educ. 2010;20(1):1–46.
Upton K, Kay J. Narcissus: group and individual models to support small group work. In: Houben G, McCalla G, Pianesi F, Zancanaro M, editors. User modeling, adaptation, and personalization. Berlin: Springer; 2009. p. 54–65.
Vizcaíno A. A simulated student can improve collaborative learning. Int J Artif Intell Educ. 2005;15(1):3–40.
One example of this type of virtual agent can be found in Betty’s Brain (http://www.teachableagents.org/research/bettysbrain.php), a computer-based learning environment developed at Vanderbilt University.
De Laat M, Chamrada M, Wegerif R. Facilitate the facilitator: awareness tools to support the moderator to facilitate online discussions for networked learning. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on networked learning. 2008. p. 80–6. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v32/agarwalb14.pdf.
Barab SA, Gresalfi M, Ingram-Goble A. Transformational play: using games to position person, content, and context. Educ Res. 2010;39(7):525–36.
Hassani K, Nahvi A, Ahmadi A. Design and implementation of an intelligent virtual environment for improving speaking and listening skills. Interact Learn Environ. 2016;24(1):252–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2013.846265.
Dede C. Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning. Science. 2009;323(5910):66–9.
Vannini N, Enz S, Sapouna M, Wolke D, Watson S, Woods S, et al. “FearNot!”: a computer-based anti-bullying-programme designed to foster peer intervention. Eur J Psychol Educ. 2011;26(1):21–44.
Traum D, Rickel J, Gratch J, Marsella S. Negotiation over tasks in hybrid human-agent teams for simulation-based training. In: AAMAS ‘03 Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems. Melbourne: ACM New York; 2003. p. 441–8.
Global Market Insights. Healthcare AI market size, competitive market share & forecast, 2024. 2017.
The next generation of medicine: artificial intelligence and machine learning. TM Capital. 2017. www.tmcapital.com/healthcare. https://www.tmcapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/TMCC20AI20Spotlight20-202017.10.2420vF.PDF. Accessed on 20 May 2018.
Miller D, Brown E. Artificial intelligence in medical practice: the question to the answer? Am J Med. 2018;131(2):129–33.
Jiang F, Jiang Y, Zhi H, Dong Y, Li H, Ma S, Wang Y, Dong Q, Shen H, Wang Y. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: past, present and future. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2017;0:e000101. https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2017-000101.
Dilsizian SE, Siegel EL. Artificial intelligence in medicine and cardiac imaging: harnessing big data and advanced computing to provide personalized medical diagnosis and treatment. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2014;16:441.
Patel VL, Shortliffe EH, Stefanelli M, et al. The coming of age of artificial intelligence in medicine. Artif Intell Med. 2009;46:5–17.
Jha S, Topol EJ. Adapting to artificial intelligence: radiologists and pathologists as information specialists. JAMA. 2016;316:2353–4.
Pearson T. How to replicate Watson hardware and systems design for your own use in your basement. 2011. https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/InsideSystemStorage/entry/ibm_watson_how_to_build_your_own_watson_jr_in_your_basement7?lang=en. Accessed 20 May 2018.
Weingart SN, Wilson RM, Gibberd RW, et al. Epidemiology of medical error. BMJ. 2000;320:774–7.
Graber ML, Franklin N, Gordon R. Diagnostic error in internal medicine. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1493–9.
Winters B, Custer J, Galvagno SM, et al. Diagnostic errors in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of autopsy studies. BMJ Qual Saf. 2012;21:894–902.
Lee CS, Nagy PG, Weaver SJ, et al. Cognitive and system factors contributing to diagnostic errors in radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:611–7.
Neill DB. Using artificial intelligence to improve hospital inpatient care. IEEE Intell Syst. 2013;28:92–5.
Administration UFaD. Guidance for industry: electronic source data in clinical investigations. 2013. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm328691.pdf. Accessed 1 Jun 2017.
Gillies RJ, Kinahan PE, Hricak H, Rj G, Pe K. Radiomics: images are more than pictures, they are data. Radiology. 2016;278:563–77.
Li CY, Liang GY, Yao WZ, et al. Integrated analysis of long noncoding RNA competing interactions reveals the potential role in progression of human gastric cancer. Int J Oncol. 2016;48:1965–76.
Shin H, Kim KH, Song C, et al. Electrodiagnosis support system for localizing neural injury in an upper limb. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2010;17:345–7.
Karakülah G, Dicle O, Koşaner O, et al. Computer based extraction of phenoptypic features of human congenital anomalies from the digital literature with natural language processing techniques. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2014;205:570–4.
Darcy AM, Louie AK, Roberts LW. Machine learning and the profession of medicine. JAMA. 2016;315:551–2.
Murff HJ, FitzHenry F, Matheny ME, et al. Automated identification of postoperative complications within an electronic medical record using natural language processing. JAMA. 2011;306:848–55.
Somashekhar SP, Kumarc R, Rauthan A, et al. Abstract S6-07: double blinded validation study to assess performance of IBM artificial intelligence platform, Watson for oncology in comparison with manipal multidisciplinary tumour board? First study of 638 breast cancer cases. Cancer Res. 2017;77(4 Suppl):S6–07.
Esteva A, Kuprel B, Novoa RA, et al. Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature. 2017;542:115–8.
LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G. Deep learning. Nature. 2015;521:436–44.
LeCun Y, Bengio Y. In: Arbib MA, editor. The handbook of brain theory and neural networks., 3361.10. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1995.
Cerwall P, Report EM. Ericssons mobility report. 2016. https://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2016/ericsson-mobility-report-2016.pdf.
Bouton CE, Shaikhouni A, Annetta NV, et al. Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia. Nature. 2016;533:247–50.
Farina D, Vujaklija I, Sartori M, et al. Man/machine interface based on the discharge timings of spinal motor neurons after targeted muscle reinnervation. Nat Biomed Eng. 2017;1:0025.
Marr B. First FDA approval for clinical cloud-based deep learning in healthcare. 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2017/01/20/first-fda-approval-for-clinical-cloud-based-deep-learning-in-healthcare/#41f14f79161c. Accessed on 20 May 2018.
Long E, Lin H, Liu Z, Liu Z, Wu X, Wang L, Jiang J, An Y, Lin Z, Li X, Chen J, Li J, Cao Q, et al. An artificial intelligence platform for the multihospital collaborative management of congenital cataracts. Nat Biomed Eng. 2017;1:0024. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313111785_An_artificial_intelligence_platform_for_the_multihospital_collaborative_management_of_congenital_cataracts.
Gulshan V, Peng L, Coram M, et al. Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs. JAMA. 2016;316:2402–10.
Schmidt GN, M¨uller J, Bischoff P. Measurement of the depth of anaesthesia. Anaesthesist. 2008;57(1):9–30.
McKibbon KA, Lokker C, Handler SM, et al. The effectiveness of integrated health information technologies across the phases of medication management: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2012;19(1):22–30.
Buchanan BG. Rule based expert systems: the mycin experiments of the stanford heuristic programming project. Reading: Addison-Wesley Longman; 1984.
Pandey B, Mishra RB. Knowledge and intelligent computing system in medicine. Comput Biol Med. 2009;39(3):215–30.
Lehmann TM. Handbuch der Medizinischen Informatik. M¨unchen: Hanser; 2002.
Kingsland LC, Lindberg DAB, Sharp GC. J Med Syst. 1983;7:221. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993283.
Alder H, Michel BA, Marx C, Tamborrini G, Langenegger T, Bruehlmann P, Steurer J, Wildi L. Computer-based diagnostic expert systems in rheumatology: where do we stand in 2014? Int J Rheumatol. 2014; https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/672714.
Wartman Steven A, Donald CC. Medical education must move from the information age to the age of artificial intelligence. Acad Med. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002044.
Harden R. Tomorrow’s doctors: their future—our choice. A lecture school of medicine. UK: University of Dundee; 2017. http://medicine.dundee.ac.uk/news/ronald-harden-lecture-2017-looks-future-medical-education
Wartman SA. Medical education needs a reboot!! 2016 Mansbach lecture. Norfolk: Eastern Virginia Medical School; 2016. http://www.aahcdc.org/Portals/41/PublicationsResources/Presentations/AAHC%20Presentations/Medical-Education-Needs-Reboot.pdf
Iglehart JK, Baron RB. Ensuring physicians’ competence – is maintenance of certification the answer? N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2543–9.
Beck EH. Training AHC graduates for the 21st century workplace. In: A presentation to the 2016 annual meeting of the association of academic health centers. San Diego: Association of Academic Health Centres. p. 2016.
Norman G. Research in clinical reasoning: past history and current trends. Med Educ. 2005;39:418–27.
American Medical News. Medical education still evolving 100 years after Flexner report. 2010. http://www.amednews.com/article/20101004/profession/310049932/7/. Accessed 3 Apr 2017.
Yang CC, Veltri P. Intelligent healthcare informatics in big data era. Artif Intell Med. 2015;65:75–7.
Kaminska I. Innovating fast or slow? Gates vs Wolf edition. 2015. Retrieved from http://ftalphaville.ft.com/tag/technology/.
Hill P, Barber M. Preparing for a renaissance in assessment. London: Pearson; 2014.
Di Cerbo KE, Behrens JT. Impacts of the digital ocean on education. London: Pearson; 2014.
Hill, Barber, DiCerbo K. Why an assessment renaissance means fewer tests. 2014. Retrieved from http://researchnetwork.pearson.com/digital-data-analytics-and-adaptivelearning/assessment-renaissance-means-fewertests.
Howard-Jones P, Holmes W, Demetriou S, Jones C, Tanimoto E, Morgan O, Davies N. Neuroeducational research in the design and use of a learning technology. Learn Media Technol. 2014;40(2):1–20.
Dweck CS, Leggett EL. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychol Rev. 1988;95(2):256–73 or Dweck CS. Mindset: the new psychology of success. New York: Random House; 2006.
Dweck CS. Even geniuses work hard. Educ Leadersh. 2010;68(1):16–20. Retrieved from http://www.mindsetworks.com/brainology
Harris A, Bonnett V, Luckin R, Yuill N, Avramides K. Scaffolding effective helpseeking behaviour in mastery and performance oriented learners. In: Dimitrova V, Mizoguchi R, Du Boulay B, Graesser AC, editors. AIED 2009, Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications. IOS Press; 2009. p. 425–32. 200.
Cole M. Cultural psychology: a once and future discipline. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1996.
Chan TW. Integrationkid: a learning companion system. In: Mylopolous J, Reiter R, editors. Proceedings of the 12th international conference on artificial intelligence, vol. 2. Morgan: Kaufmann Publishers; 1991. p. 1094–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
El Miedany, Y. (2019). Artificial Intelligence. In: Rheumatology Teaching. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98213-7_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98213-7_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98212-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98213-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)