Skip to main content

Leadership Development and Structure—From Egosystems to Ecosystems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Constructing Leadership 4.0
  • 1698 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines leadership development from the point of view of organisational structure. It is the first part of a trio of chapters that explores three leadership behaviour influences—structure, mindset, and connections. The chapter opines that structure influences behaviour and profiles three dominant structures (each with examples and some case studies) that influence leadership behaviours in different ways: centralised/closed systems, decentralised structures, and open/ecosystems. Centralised systems condition behaviours and reinforce positional power. Decentralised systems are an effective way of centrally managing large organisations by devolving decision-making in teams and units and leading through relations. Future organisations will need to move towards open ecosystems which create a ripe environment for open collaboration and the free exchange of ideas and support responsive leadership where leaders are not conditioned by ego-centric structures. The chapter provides some practical guidance to developing ecosystems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 34.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Andrea Derler, Anthony Abbatiello, and Stacia Garr, “Better Pond, Bigger Fish”, Deloitte United States, 23 Jan, 2017, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/deloitte-review/issue-20/developing-leaders-networks-of-opportunities.html

  2. 2.

    Source: “Churchill and the Commons Chamber”, Parliament UK, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palacestructure/churchill/

  3. 3.

    Thomas Power, “The end of organizations as we know them”, filmed 2011 in Maastricht, Netherlands, TED video, 8:36, accessed 16 June 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcCcssS-lrQ

  4. 4.

    A selection of articles included Stephen Morris, Donal Griffin, Patrick Gower, “Barclays Puts in Sensors to See Which Bankers Are at Their Desks” Bloomberg Business, 18 August, 2017, accessed 14 May, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-18/barclays-puts-in-sensors-to-see-which-bankers-are-at-their-desks; Shivali, Best, “Is YOUR boss tracking you? Firms are installing creepy hidden sensors to monitor your every move around the office”, Daily Mail, 15 February, 2017, accessed 14 May, 2018, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4227402/Creepy-sensors-monitor-office.html, Tyler Durden, “Barclays Installs Desk Sensors to Monitor Employees” Technocracy News and Trends, 21 August, 2017, accessed 14 May, 2018. https://www.technocracy.news/barclays-installs-desk-sensors-monitor-employees/

  5. 5.

    Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 1975, Translated by Alan Sheridan (New York: Pantheon Books, 1977) 202–3.

  6. 6.

    I am indebted to Karen Stephenson for the idea of the panopticon and its link to organisational power and surveillance. Karen Stephenson, “From Tiananmen to Tahrir: Knowing one’s place in the 21st century”, Organizational Dynamics, 40, 281–291, 2011.

  7. 7.

    Pavlov , I. P, Lectures on conditioned reflexes, translated by W.H. Gantt, (London: Allen and Unwin, 1928); E.L. Thorndike , “Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals,” Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 2 (4), i-109, 1898; J.B. Watson , & R. Rayner , “Conditioned emotional reactions”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), pp. 1–14, 1920.

  8. 8.

    Taylor, Frederick Winslow, The Principles of Scientific Management, (New York, London, Harper & Brothers, 1911); Fayol, Henri. General and Industrial Management, 1916, translated by Constance Storrs (London: Pitman, 1949); Weber, Max, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, translated by Ephraim Fichoff et al. (1922), (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).

  9. 9.

    Gray, David, and Thomas Vander Wal, The Connected Company (California: OReilly Media, 2012) 56.

  10. 10.

    Skinner, Burrhus Frederic , The Behavior of Organisms (New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1938).

  11. 11.

    Gray, David, and Thomas Vander Wal, The Connected Company (California: OReilly Media, 2012).

  12. 12.

    Negative reinforcing behaviour is widely used in the military where recruits are threatened with menial tasks if they underperform or break the rules. In the workplace, disciplinary procedures (including verbal/written warnings and dismissals) are used so that the employee is aware of the consequences of underperformance or unethical practice. Here negative consequences strengthen and reinforce positive behaviours because individuals wish to avoid the negative consequences of undesired actions.

  13. 13.

    A notable exception was the chocolate manufactures George and Richard Cadbury. They were concerned for employee welfare and built an entire village, Bournville, for his employees.

  14. 14.

    Transactional analysis is a useful model to think how these modern patriarchies operate. The owner or leader can often take on the role of a parent and the employee a child. If the employee-child behaves well, the employer-parent is benign and protecting. If the employee-child displeases the employee-parent, then the parent can quickly shift to disciplining and punishing the employee-child. This theory outlined in Berne’s famous book, Games People Play, explores how to re-transact from adult-child to adult-adult relationships. Berne, Eric, Games People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships (NY: Grove Press, 1964).

  15. 15.

    Miller, Peter, Smart Swarm (London: Collins, 2010).

  16. 16.

    Carole L. Crumley, “Three Locational Models: An Epistemological Assessment of Anthropology and Archaeology”, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 2:141–173, 1979, 144.

  17. 17.

    Ferguson, Niall, The Square and the Tower, Networks, Hierarchies and the Struggle for Global Power (London: Penguin Books, 2017).

  18. 18.

    Ramos, Pedro Pablo, Network Models for Organizations: The Flexible Design of 21st-century Companies (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Robertson, Brian J . Holacracy, The New Management System for a Rapidly Changing World (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015); Gray, David, Thomas Vander Wal, The Connected Company (California: OReilly Media, 2012).

  19. 19.

    Elliot Jaques, “In Praise of Hierarchy”, Harvard Business Review, Jan/Feb, 1990, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://hbr.org/1990/01/in-praise-of-hierarchy. The example of 3M which is a highly innovative organisation that has a hierarchical structure would seem to support this argument.

  20. 20.

    Harold Leavitt, “Why Hierarchies Thrive”, Harvard Business Review, March 2003, accessed 16 June, 2018. https://hbr.org/2003/03/why-hierarchies-thrive

  21. 21.

    Steve Jobs, “Steve Jobs in 2010 at D8 Conference (full video)”, interviewed by Walt Mossberg and Kara Swisher, Filmed 1 June, 2010 in Southern California, 1:35.53, accessed June 16, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5f8bqYYwps

  22. 22.

    Source: “Kodak”, Wikipedia, page last edited 31 May, 2018, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak

  23. 23.

    Source: Michael de la Merced, “Eastman Kodak files for bankruptcy”, The New York Times, 19 January, 2012, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/01/19/eastman-kodak-files-for-bankruptcy/?_r=0

  24. 24.

    Source: “FUJIFILM Annual Fiscal Report 2016”, Fuji Rumors, 27 July, 2016, accessed 16 June, 2018, http://www.fujirumors.com/fujifilm-fiscal-report-2016/

  25. 25.

    Source: Caroline Cakebread, “People will take 1.2 trillion digital photos this year – thanks to smartphones”, Business Insider, 31 August, 2017, accessed 16 June, 2018, http://www.businessinsider.com/12-trillion-photos-to-be-taken-in-2017-thanks-to-smartphones-chart-2017-8

  26. 26.

    I’m inspired by Joel Barker’s The Business of Paradigms here. Source: Joel Barker, “The Business of Paradigms”, Video (original version), 1989, https://starthrower.com/products/the-business-of-paradigms-original-joel-barker

  27. 27.

    Jacob Morgan, “The 5 Types of Organizational Structures: Part 1, ‘The Hierarchy”, Forbes 6 July, 2015, accessed 16 June, 2018. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2015/07/06/the-5-types-of-organizational-structures-part-1-the-hierarchy/#259fc4bf5252

  28. 28.

    Source: Tiffany McDowell, Dimple Agarwal, Don Miller, Tsutomu Okamoto, Trevor Page, “Organizational Design”, Deloitte Insights, 29 February 2016, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/human-capital-trends/2016/organizational-models-network-of-teams.html

  29. 29.

    Source: Rebecca Greenfield, “The Office Hierarchy Is Officially Dead”, Bloomberg Business, 3 March, 2016, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-03/the-office-hierarchy-is-officially-dead

  30. 30.

    Follett , M.P., The New State: group organization the solution of popular government (Harlow: Longmans, Green, 1920); Mayo, E., The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1933); Barnard, Chester I., The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938).

  31. 31.

    Tom Peter, “Beyond the Matrix Organization”, McKinsey Quarterly, September, 1979, accessed 14 May, 2018, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/beyond-the-matrix-organization

  32. 32.

    E. Molleman, H. Broekhuis, “Socio-Technical Systems: Towards an Organizational Learning Approach”, The Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 18, 271–293, 2001.

  33. 33.

    Source: Craig Smith, “28 Interesting Starbucks Facts and Statistics”, Digital Stat Articles, last updated 30 May, 2018, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/starbucks-statistics/

  34. 34.

    Source: “About the Walt Disney Company”, The Walt Disney Company, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/about/

  35. 35.

    Source: “Disney among LinkedIn’s top companies for 2017”, The Walt Disney Company, 18 May, 2017, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-among-linkedins-top-companies-2017/

  36. 36.

    Source: “150 amazing Walt Disney Facts and Statistics”, Disney news: your very unofficial source for everything Disney, 18 June, 2018, accessed 20 June, 2018, https://disneynews.us/walt-disney-world-statistics-fun-facts/

  37. 37.

    Source: “Walt Disney Company’s revenue from 1st quarter 2010 to 2nd quarter 2018 (in billion US dollars)”, Statista, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/224397/quarterly-revenue-of-the-walt-disney-company/

  38. 38.

    Jay Rasulo, cited in Carillo, Carlos, Jeremy Crumley, Kendree Thieringer, Jeffrey S. Harrison, The Walt Disney Company: A Corporate Strategy Analysis. Case Study (University of Richmond: Robins School of Business, 2012) 3.

  39. 39.

    Source: “GE Annual Report 2000”, GE, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.ge.com/annual00/download/images/GEannual00.pdf, 4.

  40. 40.

    McChrystal, Stanley, Collins, Tantum, Silverman, David and Fussell, Chris, Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2015).

  41. 41.

    Taylor, Frederick Winslow, The principles of scientific management, (New York, London, Harper & Brothers, 1911); Weber, Max, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, translated by Ephraim Fichoff et al., 1922 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).

  42. 42.

    Sherman , Howard J., Ralph Schultz, Open Boundaries: Creating Business Innovation Through Complexity (Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1998); Thomas Hout, “Are Managers Obsolete?” Harvard Business Review, March–April, 1999, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://hbr.org/1999/03/are-managers-obsolete; Pascale, Richard T., Mark Millemann, Linda Gioja., Surfing the Edge of Chaos: The Laws of Nature and the New Laws of Business (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Rzevski, George, Petr Skobelev, Managing Complexity. (Boston: Wit Press, 2014).

  43. 43.

    Hout argues: ‘No intelligence from on high can match the quality of solutions to market problems that arise from players who are constantly communicating with one another on the ground level.’ Thomas Hout, “Are Managers Obsolete?” Harvard Business Review, March–April, 1999, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://hbr.org/1999/03/are-managers-obsolete. This is part of a general shift of metaphorical language from machine to biological organisms when considering organisations—De Geus, Arie, The Living Company (Guildford, Surrey: Longview Publishing, 1997); Peter Senge , “Learning for a Change”, interviewed by Alan M. Webber, Fast Company, 30 April 1999, accessed 16 June, 2018. https://www.fastcompany.com/36819/learning-change

  44. 44.

    Sherman , Howard J., Ralph Schultz, Open Boundaries: Creating Business Innovation Through Complexity (Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1998).

  45. 45.

    Jon Husband, “What is Wirearchy?” Wirearchy (blog), accessed 14 May, 2018. http://wirearchy.com/what-is-wirearchy/

  46. 46.

    Jon Husband, “What is Wirearchy?” Wirearchy (blog), accessed 14 May, 2018. http://wirearchy.com/what-is-wirearchy/

  47. 47.

    McChrystal, Stanley, Collins, Tantum, Silverman, David and Fussell, Chris, Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2015) 96.

  48. 48.

    “Has Agile Management’s Moment Arrived?” Wharton University of Pennsylvania, 1 August, 2017, accessed 16 June, 2018, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/agile-managements-moment-arrived/

  49. 49.

    “What is Fastworks?” GE Reports, Canada, 16 November, 2017, accessed 16 June, 2018, http://gereports.ca/fastworks/

  50. 50.

    Laloux, Frederic , Reinventing Organizations (Brussels, Belgium: Nelson Parker, 2014).

  51. 51.

    Max Ringelmann, studying team effectiveness, observed that one person pulling on a rope will give 100% effort but that personal effort and contribution decreases as more people pull on the rope. Jeff Bezos , CEO of Amazon, made the two pizza rule where he opined that if it takes more than two pizzas to feed a team, it is probably too big and bureaucratic.

  52. 52.

    Source: “Number of stores of Whole Foods Market worldwide from 2008 to 2017”, Statistia, 2018, accessed 16 June, 2018.

  53. 53.

    Edwin Lopez, “Whole Foods’ supply chain nightmare”, 6 February, 2018, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/Whole-Foods-supply-chain-nightmare/516398/

  54. 54.

    Source: Caroline Lamb, “What Do Whole Foods’ Marketing Layoffs Mean for Its Brand?” The Spoon, 26 March, 2018, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://thespoon.tech/what-do-whole-foods-marketing-layoffs-mean-for-its-brand/

  55. 55.

    Source, “We promote team member growth and happiness”, Whole Foods Market, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/mission-values/core-values/we-promote-team-member-growth-and-happiness

  56. 56.

    David Burkus, “Why Whole Foods build their entire business on teams”, Forbes, 8 June, 2016, accessed 16 June, 2018. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidburkus/2016/06/08/why-whole-foods-build-their-entire-business-on-teams/#40b35dfe3fa1

  57. 57.

    Source: Krystal Hu, “Amazon And Whole Foods Disagree on Products Like Coca-Cola”, Huffington Post, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/amazon-and-whole-foods-disagree-on-products-like-coca-cola_us_5a96f9a7e4b0e6a5230440cb

  58. 58.

    Cathy Benko, “How the corporate ladder became the corporate lattice”, Harvard Business Review, 4 November 2010, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://hbr.org/2010/11/how-the-corporate-ladder-becam

  59. 59.

    A.H. Maslow , “A Theory of Human Motivation”, Psychological Review, 50, 370–396, 1943; McGregor , Doug, The human side of enterprise (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960).

  60. 60.

    L. Gore & Associates, Inc., “The Lattice Organisation”, PowerPoint slides, Creative Technologies Worldwide, accessed 16 June 2018, http://folk.uio.no/terjegro/materials/Gore_lattice.pdf

  61. 61.

    Source: “Gore Technologies”, W.L. Gores & Associates, Inc., accessed 16 June, 2016, https://www.gore.com/about/technologies?view=overview

  62. 62.

    Source: “America’s Best Employees 2018 ranking”, Forbes, accessed 16 June, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/companies/wl-gore-associates/

  63. 63.

    Source: “Working at Gore”, W.L. Gores & Associates, Inc., accessed 16 June, 2016, https://www.gore.com/about/working-at-gore

  64. 64.

    Brian J. Holacracy, The New Management System for a Rapidly Changing World (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015).

  65. 65.

    Koestler . Arthur, The Ghost in the Machine (London: Hutchinson, 1967).

  66. 66.

    Robertson , Brian, Organization at the Leading Edge: Introducing Holacracy. 2007, accessed 15 June, 2018, http://www.integralesleben.org/fileadmin/user_upload/images/DIA/Flyer/Organization_at_the_Leading_Edge_2007-06_01.pdf. 6.

  67. 67.

    Robertson , Brian, Organization at the Leading Edge: Introducing Holacracy. 2007, accessed 15 June, 2018, http://www.integralesleben.org/fileadmin/user_upload/images/DIA/Flyer/Organization_at_the_Leading_Edge_2007-06_01.pdf, 7.

  68. 68.

    Source: Andy Doyle, “Management and Organization at Medium”, Medium, 4 March, 2016, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://blog.medium.com/management-and-organization-at-medium-2228cc9d93e9

  69. 69.

    Jon Husband, “What is hierarchy?” LinkedIn, 25 November, 2014, accessed 16 June, 2018. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141124231801-69412-what-is-wirearchy/

  70. 70.

    Source: “About Us”, Linkedin, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.linkedin.com/company/zappos.com/

  71. 71.

    Source: Tony Hsieh, “How I Did It: Tony Hsieh, CEO, Zappos.com”, Inc., story told by Max Chafkin, 1 September, 2006, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.inc.com/magazine/20060901/hidi-hsieh.html

  72. 72.

    Source: “Amazon Closes Zappos Deal, Ends Up Paying $1.2 Billion”, Techcrunch, 2 November, 2009, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/02/amazon-closes-zappos-deal-ends-up-paying-1-2-billion/

  73. 73.

    Tony Hsieh , “Internal memo Zappos is offering severance to employees who aren’t all in with Holacracy”, in Quartz, 26 March, 2015, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://qz.com/370616/internal-memo-zappos-is-offering-severance-to-employees-who-arent-all-in-with-holacracy/

  74. 74.

    Source: Tony Hsieh , “Why Holacracy?” Zappos Insights, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.zapposinsights.com/about/holacracy

  75. 75.

    Source: “2014 Culture Book: the next chapter”, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.zapposinsights.com/files/accounts/zappos/assets/files/culture-book/Zappos_2014_Culture_Book.pdf

  76. 76.

    Source: “3 day culture camp – the power of culture”, Zappos Insights, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.zapposinsights.com/r/training/3-day-culture-camp

  77. 77.

    Daniella Kelly, in Feloni, Richard, “A former Zappos manager explains how her job changed after the company got rid of bosses”, Business Insider, 19, 2016, accessed 16 June, 2018, http://www.businessinsider.com/zappos-explains-how-her-job-radically-changed-after-switch-to-holacracy-2016-2

  78. 78.

    Brian Robertson, in Feloni, Richard, “Here’s how the ‘self-management’ system that Zappos is using actually works”, Business Insider, 3 June, 2015, accessed 1 September, 2018, http://uk.businessinsider.com/how-zappos-self-management-system-holacracy-works-2015-6

  79. 79.

    Moffett, Mark W., Adventures among Ants: A Global Safari with a Cast of Trillions (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010) 6.

  80. 80.

    Moffett, Mark W., Adventures among Ants: A Global Safari with a Cast of Trillions (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010) 222.

  81. 81.

    Mark Moffett observes how ants carry smaller ants to conserve the energy of the colony. Moffett, Mark W., Adventures among Ants: A Global Safari with a Cast of Trillions (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010) 14.

  82. 82.

    ‘The queen is not an authority figure. She lays eggs and is fed and cared for by the workers. She does not decide which worker does what … The harvester ants that carry the queen off to her escape hatch do so not because they’ve been ordered to by their leader; they do it because the queen ant is responsible for giving birth to all the members of the colony, and so it is in the colony’s best interest—and the colony’s gene pool—to keep the queen safe.’ Johnson, Steven. Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software, 2001 (NY: Touchstone, 2002) 31.

  83. 83.

    Eric Bonabeau, and Christopher Meyer, “Swarm intelligence a whole new way to think about business”, Harvard Business Review, May, 2001, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://hbr.org/2001/05/swarm-intelligence-a-whole-new-way-to-think-about-business; Gloor , Peter A., Swarm Leadership and the Collective Mind: Using Collaborative Innovation Networks to Build a Better Business (Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing, 2017); Miller, Peter, Smart Swarm (London: Collins, 2010).

  84. 84.

    Gloor , Peter A., Swarm Leadership and the Collective Mind: Using Collaborative Innovation Networks to Build a Better Business (Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing, 2017) 2.

  85. 85.

    Eric Bonabeau, and Christopher Meyer, “Swarm intelligence a whole new way to think about business”, Harvard Business Review, May, 2001, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://hbr.org/2001/05/swarm-intelligence-a-whole-new-way-to-think-about-business

  86. 86.

    Gloor , Peter A., Swarm Leadership and the Collective Mind: Using Collaborative Innovation Networks to Build a Better Business (Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing, 2017).

  87. 87.

    Johansson , Frans, The Medici Effect: Breakthrough Insights at the Intersection of Ideas, Concepts, and Cultures (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2006).

  88. 88.

    Roland Eckert, “Why Daimler is embracing the swarm organization”, Hyperwettbewerb, 28 February, 2017, accessed 16 June, 2018, http://www.hyperwettbewerb.com/new-blog/2017/2/26/why-daimler-is-embracing-the-swarm-organization-

  89. 89.

    A CEB/Gartner report suggests that 6% of the Fortune 500 companies ‘reengineered’ their traditional performance appraisals. Source: https://news.cebglobal.com/2015-08-26-Faulty-Performance-Review-Processeses-Cost-Companies-as-Much-as-35M-Annually

  90. 90.

    Source: Patrick Collinson, “Top fund manager Neil Woodford scraps staff bonuses”, The Guardian, 22 August, 2016, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/aug/22/top-fund-manager-neil-woodford-investments-scraps-staff-bonuses

  91. 91.

    Source: Janet I Tu, “Microsoft ditches system that ranks employees against each other”, The Seattle Times, 13 November, 2013, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.seattletimes.com/business/microsoft-ditches-system-that-ranks-employees-against-each-other/

  92. 92.

    Eric Bonabeau, and Christopher Meyer, “Swarm intelligence a whole new way to think about business”, Harvard Business Review, May, 2001, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://hbr.org/2001/05/swarm-intelligence-a-whole-new-way-to-think-about-business

  93. 93.

    Reichheld, Fred and Markey, Rob, The Ultimate Question 2.0: How Net Promoter companies thrive in a customer-driven world (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011)

  94. 94.

    Source: “Chairman’s letter”, Daimler 2017 annual report, https://www.daimler.com/documents/investors/reports/annual-report/daimler/daimler-ir-annual-report-2017.pdf, 57.

  95. 95.

    Fred Lambert, “Mercedes-Benz unveils aggressive electric vehicle production plan, 6 factories and a ‘global battery network’”, Electrek, 29 January 2018, accessed 16 June, 2018. https://electrek.co/2018/01/29/mercedes-benz-electric-vehicle-production-global-battery-network/

  96. 96.

    Source: “Leadership 2020”, Daimler, 2018, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.daimler.com/career/thats-us/leadership2020/

  97. 97.

    Original German: Wir stellen uns vor, dass wir kurzfristig, innerhalb von einem halben Jahr oder Jahr, rund 20 Prozent der Mitarbeiter auf eine Schwarm-Organisation umstellen.’ Source: http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/daimler-baut-konzern-fuer-die-digitalisierung-um-14424858.html

  98. 98.

    Source: Dieter Zetsche interviewed by WirtschaftsWoche staff “Daimler Chief Plots Cultural Revolution”, Handelsblatt Global, 25 July, 2016, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://global.handelsblatt.com/companies/daimlerchief-plots-cultural-revolution-574783

  99. 99.

    Source: Michael Poerner (interview), Daimler, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.daimler.com/career/professionals/insights/detailpages/law/michael-poerner.html

  100. 100.

    Source: “Start-up Swarm Intelligence”, 7 September, 2017, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.daimler.com/innovation/next/lab1886-ten-years-of-business-innovation.html

  101. 101.

    Source: Oliver Sachgau, Christoph Rauwald, and Gabrielle Coppola, “Daimler, BMW Reach a Deal to Merge Car-Sharing Units”, Bloomberg, 28 March, 2018, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/daimler-bmw-are-said-to-reach-deal-to-merge-car-sharing-units

  102. 102.

    “Daimler invests in flying taxi firm Volocopter”, Reuters (staff writers), 1 August, 2017, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-daimler-volocopter-investment-idUSKBN1AH40Y

  103. 103.

    Parmy Olson, “This Startup Will Finally Make You Like Online Forms”, Forbes, October 1, 2015, accessed June 16, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/10/01/startup-typeform-barcelona/#1875de31112d

  104. 104.

    Source: “Typeform Overview”, Glassdoor, accessed June 16, 2018, https://www.glassdoor.com/Overview/Working-at-Typeform-EI_IE991912.11,19.htm#

  105. 105.

    Source: Eric Johnson, “How Typeform Engineering reshaped its horizontal structure to mimic the business of bee”, Typeform Blog, accessed June 16, 2018, https://www.typeform.com/blog/inside-story/engineering-org/

  106. 106.

    John Chambers, reported in Charles Waltzner, “The Case for Collaboration”, Cisco, 9 November, 2009, accessed 16 June, 2018, https://newsroom.cisco.com/feature-content?type=webcontent&articleId=5221350

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kelly, R. (2019). Leadership Development and Structure—From Egosystems to Ecosystems. In: Constructing Leadership 4.0. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98062-1_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics