Social/Cultural Aspects as Factors of Power Contributors in Fr. Ratzel’s State Analysis and the Issue of Racism

Stogiannos, Alexandros

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98035-5_4

Alexandros Stogiannos²

Part of the book series: Historical Geography and Geosciences ((HIGEGE))

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Abstract

The perception of the state as a phenomenon of new social life, and of Political Geography as a tool for the analysis of power, along with the distinction between nature-orientated [Naturvölker] and culture-orientated [Κulturvölker] people inevitably lead to the task of identifying the social and cultural phenomena as factors that determine a people’s power

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Notes

1.
See Sect. 2.3.
2.
See Sect. 1.3.
3.
The texts are presented with a chronological overturning from general to more specific.
4.
Recall that applied Ethnography is the third part of the definition of the Political Geography. See about Sect. 1.3.1.
5.
Equally important for understanding of Ratzel’s epistemological approach is the distinction between Ethnography and Human Geography: Even if the Geography explores the same phenomena with other sciences, its methodology differers each time due to its natural pursuit to expansion, which I would like to name as holistic, ie. the vie including the whole earth. Ethnography may be trying to distinguish people according to their language, manners and customs, an effort to which faithful of Geography stands by recording each country separately in the ethnographic map, but the anthropogeographical perception was always aiming towards the understanding of peoples as a whole, as interconnected bodies. [Human Geography] is mainly oriented to the whole, Ethnography instead mainly on items that generate differences. Ratzel, F.11 (1909): Anthropogeographie, p. 59.
6.
It is the same criticisms with regard to the role of Geography. The same effect has the criticism against those historians, who are satisfied with the description of events. It has to be at this point remarked, that Lamprecht, Ratzel’s associate and member of the Positivistic Circle of Leipzig, shared the same opinion.
7.
The quotation marks in the original show a clear distancing from the dominant jargon of his time.
8.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 3.
9.
Ratzel is clearly critical to Gobineau and Chamberlain, who he rejected, beyond their substantive differences, because he considered them as pseudoscientists. The same characterization pseudoscience uses for them in his essay Ethnicities and tribes.
10.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 3.
11.
Quotation marks in the original.
12.
Kradolfer, C. A. (2004): Evolution gleich Fortschritt?, pp. 19–20.
13.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 3.
14.
Among the supporters of the retrograde theory was also Gobineau, who tried to explain a situation, which he considered regressive, highlighting racial composition as an essential factor. Timashef, N. (1976): Ιστορίακοινωνιολογικών θεωριών, p. 88.
15.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 4.
16.
It is here to be remarked that according to Timashef (p. 102) Darwin tended rather to emphasize the difference between the process of biological and of social development. Ratzel himself was a victim of such a treatment, since it is clear that several later scientists are referring to him without having obviously read even the main works.
17.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 4.
18.
Ibid., p. 4.
19.
Marked in the original.
20.
Bushmen: People who stay behind bushes, also called in scientific literature San. They reside in Southern and Southwestern Africa and are anthropologically classified along with the Hottentoten to the category of Khoisan [Khoisan: Hottentotten (Khoikhoin) και Buschleute (San)], as they have anthropological and linguistic similarities καθώς εμφανίζουν ανθρωπολογικές και γλωσσικές ομοιότητες. Source: Brockhaus Enzylopädie 2002, Meyers Lexikonverlag, Sat_Wolf, Bayern.
21.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882):Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 4.
22.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, pp. 4–5.
23.
On the same topic see also the criticism that he carries against the theorists of racism, Sect. 4.3.7.1.
24.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 5.
25.
Carl von Linné (1707–1778): Swedish naturalist, Professor of Botanology at Uppsala University, first great teacher of Systematic, with a view to rational classification of the three kingdoms of nature. He introduced the binomial nomenclature system, which is still used today. Source: Enzyklopädie Δομή.
26.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 5.
27.
Ibid., pp. 5–6.
28.
Ratzel believes in the unity of humanity and considers that Verkehr contributes towards it. See about Sect. 4.4.3.
29.
Ratzel openly opposes the idea that some peoples are ahistorical.
30.
Savater, F. (1992): Μιλώντας στον γιο μου για την πολιτική και τη δημοκρατία, pp. 29–30.
31.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 6.
32.
See in Chap. 2 on Ratzel‘s state conception of, that he was not coinciding with those, who considered language a criterion of nationality.
33.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, pp. 6–7.
34.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 7.
35.
On the Theory of Diffusionism see Chap. 5.
36.
Ratzel, Fr.⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, pp. 7–8.
37.
Ibid., p.8.
38.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 180.
39.
The headings do not exist in the original text, which is divided into three not entitled parts. The present classification was chosen for the sake of better understanding.
40.
Ratzel,⁹F. (1878): DieBeurteilungderVölker, p. 180.
41.
Ibid., p. 180.
42.
Ibid., p. 181.
43.
Ratzel,⁹ F. (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 181.
44.
Ibid., p. 182.
45.
Ibid., p. 182.
46.
Ibid., pp. 182–183.
47.
Ibid., p. 183.
48.
Ibid., p. 184.
49.
Ibid., p. 184.
50.
Ibid., p. 185.
51.
Ratzel,⁹F. (1878): DieBeurteilungderVölker, p. 185.
52.
Ibid., p. 185.
53.
The Protestant influence lies also in his views on the labour division. See Sect. 4.5.3.
54.
Ratzel,⁹ F. (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, pp. 185–186.
55.
Ibid., p. 186.
56.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 186.
57.
Ibid., p. 187.
58.
Ibid., p. 187.
59.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 187.
60.
Ibid., p. 187.
61.
Ibid., p. 187.
62.
Ibid., p. 188.
63.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 188.
64.
Ibid., p. 188.
65.
Ibid., p. 189.
66.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 189.
67.
Ibid., p. 189.
68.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 190.
69.
Ibid., p. 190.
70.
Ibid., p. 190.
71.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, pp. 190–191.
72.
Ibid., p. 191.
73.
Ibid., p. 191.
74.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, pp. 191–192.
75.
Ibid., p. 192.
76.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 192.
77.
Ibid., p. 193.
78.
Ibid., p. 193.
79.
Ibid., p. 193.
80.
Obviously, Ratzel is here referring to the people in the terms of state.
81.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 193.
82.
Ibid., p. 193.
83.
Ibid., p. 193.
84.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Bjeurteilung der Völker, pp. 193–194.
85.
Ibid., p. 194. Another clear point of criticism against the theoreticians of racism.
86.
Areas in Southern France.
87.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 195.
88.
Ibid., p. 195.
89.
The text is written in the year 1878, when also his US books were published, in which Ratzel analyzes the multinational function of the US and Mexico.
90.
In one paragraph refers twice positively to special economic slope of Jews.
91.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 195.
92.
Ibid., p. 195.
93.
Ibid., p. 196. Ratzel’s reference does not contain any biologically, but culturally criteria. See in detail Sect. 4.6. For the meaning of the terms upper and lower see Sect. 4.1.
94.
Ibid., p. 196.
95.
Ibid., p. 196.
96.
Ibid., p. 196.
97.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): DieBeurteilungderVölker, p. 196.
98.
Term used by Ratzel, in the sense of the modern term globalization.
99.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 196.
100.
Ibid., p. 196.
101.
See Sect. 2.3.
102.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, pp. 196–197.
103.
Ibid., p. 197.
104.
Ibid., p. 197.
105.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 197.
106.
Spanish law compendia, which became local laws, calling for special freedoms and privileges, especially all the privileges and freedoms of Navarre and the three Basque provinces, which lifted Alfonso II, by the law of 22 June 1876. Source: Bibliographisches Institut & F. A. Brockhaus AG, 2002, Sat_Wolf, Bayern.
107.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, pp. 197–198.
108.
For Ratzel there is no need for territorial annexation of these German-speaking regions, accentuating however their significant because of their general intellectual and cultural contribution.
109.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 198.
110.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 198.
111.
Ibid., p. 199.
112.
Ibid., p. 199.
113.
Ibid., p. 199.
114.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 199.
115.
Kurland: one of four Latvia’s historical regions. The other three are Semgallen (Zemgale), Zentral-Livland (Vidzeme) und Lettgallen.
116.
The above analysis makes even more evident, long before the use of the term Political Geography, Ratzel’s systemic analytical approach, which completely coincides with the nature of modern Geopolitics, as a power analysis tool.
117.
Ratzel⁹ (1878): Die Beurteilung der Völker, p. 200.
118.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 462.
119.
It is obvious that Ratzel approaches the issue of national movements under the specific conditions of the end of the 19th century, referring mainly to the national liberation struggles of the Balkan peoples.
120.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 464.
121.
Ibid., p. 463.
122.
The term Volkstum is referring to all the cultural expressions of a nation.
123.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 463.
124.
Ibid., p. 464.
125.
Ibid., p. 464.
126.
Ibid., p. 465.
127.
Ratzel refers to the level of a tribe, namely nature-orientated peoples, remarking that this is not possible nowadays.
128.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 465.
129.
Ibid., p. 465.
130.
See Sect. 4.1.
131.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 465.
132.
Ibid., p. 465.
133.
Ibid., p. 466.
134.
On the theory of diffusionism See Sect. 5.2.
135.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 466.
136.
Ibid., p. 466.
137.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 467.
138.
Ibid., p. 467.
139.
Ibid., pp. 467–468.
140.
Ibid., p. 468.
141.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 468.
142.
Quotation in the original.
143.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, pp. 468–469.
144.
A logical conclusion, if we follow the general reasoning of Ratzel, according to which the political processes are related to culture-orientated, people. Contrary to that, the racial perception concerns nature-orientated peoples with introspective viewpoints, not exceeding the level of a family or a small tribe.
145.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 469.
146.
Ibid., pp. 469–470.
147.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 470.
148.
Ibid., pp. 470–471.
149.
Quotes in the original.
150.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 471.
151.
Ibid., p. 472.
152.
Ibid., p. 472.
153.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 472.
154.
Ibid., pp. 472–473.
155.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, pp. 473–474.
156.
Ibid., pp. 473–474.
157.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 474. Another example of Ratzel’s analytical potential, considering the subsequent developments in the region.
158.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, pp. 474–475.
159.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, pp. 475–476.
160.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, pp. 476-477.
161.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 477.
162.
Ibid., pp. 477–478.
163.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, pp. 478–479.
164.
Ratzel expresses the same opinion in his essay Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit and his article Zur Beurteilung der Neger, where he is awaiting to evaluate the performance of the Negroes after a reasonable period of time, after they have used advanced cultural tools.
165.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 479.
166.
Ibid., p. 480.
167.
On the use of the terms high and low see Sect. 4.1.
168.
By using the quotation marks Ratzel shows that he disagrees with attributing to races other qualities beyond the anatomical.
169.
Let us not forget that Ratzel recognizes reason (Vernunft) to all people. This is the starting point for the united treatment of mankind. See, Sect. 4.4.3. The unity of the human species in Political Ethnography.
170.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 480.
171.
Chamberlain, H. S. (1903): Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, pp. 121–122, footnote Ι.
172.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 481.
173.
Ibid., pp. 481–482. In his essay Die Erde und das Leben (1902), p. 626, another definition of race is recorded, See Sect. 4.5.1.
174.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 482.
175.
Quaternary is often considered the “Age of Humans.” Homo erectus appeared in Africa at the start of the period, and as time marched on the hominid line evolved bigger brains and higher intelligence. The first modern humans evolved in Africa about 190,000 years ago and dispersed to Europe and Asia and then on to Australia and the Americas. Along the way the species has altered the composition of life in the seas, on land, and in the air—and now, scientists believe, we're causing the planet to warm. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/quaternary/.
176.
A clear reference to the theory of diffusionism. See Sect. 5.2.
177.
The concept of labour division runs many texts of Ratzel. See Sects. 4.2.3, 4.4.3, 4.5.3.
178.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, pp. 482–483.
179.
Chamberlain, H. S. (1903): Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, pp. 263–264.
180.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 483.
181.
Ibid., pp. 483–484.
182.
Ibid.,p. 484.
183.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 484.
184.
Ibid., p. 485.
185.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 485.
186.
The intertitle is not in the original.
187.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 485.
188.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 486.
189.
Ibid., pp. 486–487.
190.
Ibid., p. 487.
191.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 487.
192.
Here we see the required predictive ability, for which Ratzel asks in Scientific Political Geography.
193.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, pp. 402–403.
194.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 403.
195.
Ibid., pp. 403–404.
196.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 404.
197.
Ibid., p. 404.
198.
Ibid., p. 404.
199.
Ibid., p. 405.
200.
Ibid., p. 405.
201.
Ibid., p. 405.
202.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 405.
203.
Ibid., p. 406.
204.
Ibid., p. 406.
205.
Ibid., p. 406.
206.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, pp. 406–407.
207.
Ibid., p. 407.
208.
Ibid., p. 408.
209.
Ibid., p. 408.
210.
Ibid., pp. 408–409.
211.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 409.
212.
Ibid., p. 409.
213.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 409.
214.
Ibid., p. 410.
215.
Ibid., p. 410.
216.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, pp. 410–411.
217.
Ibid., p. 411.
218.
Ibid., p. 411.
219.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 411.
220.
Ibid., pp. 411–412.
221.
Ibid., p. 412.
222.
Ibid., p. 412.
223.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 412.
224.
Ibid., pp. 412–413.
225.
Ibid., p. 413.
226.
Ibid., p. 413.
227.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 413.
228.
Ibid., p. 413.
229.
Ibid., pp. 413–414.
230.
It is surprising, that he isn’t referring to his own essay with the same title published in 1878.
231.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 414.
232.
Ibid., p. 414.
233.
Ibid., pp. 414–415.
234.
Ibid., p. 415.
235.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, pp. 415–416.
236.
Ibid., p. 416.
237.
Ratzel, Fr.7 (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 416. See also Sect. 4.1.
238.
Ibid., p. 417.
239.
Ibid., p. 417.
240.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 417.
241.
Ibid., p. 417.
242.
Ibid., pp. 417–418.
243.
Ibid., p. 418.
244.
Ibid., p. 418.
245.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 418.
246.
Ibid., p. 418.
247.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 419.
248.
Ibid., p. 419.
249.
Schultz, H.-D. (2006): Friedrich Ratzel: (k)ein Rassist?, p. 37.
250.
Ibid., pp. 37–38.
251.
Schultz, H.-D. (2006): Friedrich Ratzel: (k)ein Rassist?, p. 37.
252.
Ibid., p. 38.
253.
Ibid., p. 38.
254.
Eugenics: the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics)or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics) http://www.dictionary.com/browse/eugenics.
255.
See Sect. 4.3.6.
256.
See Sect. 4.2.7.
257.
Schultz, H.-D. (2006): FriedrichRatzel: (k)einRassist?, p. 36.
258.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷⁴ (1902): Die Erde und das Leben, p. 626. This viewpoint runs through his entire work, as shown by the ratzelian articles, presented in Chap. 4.
259.
Ibid., pp. 626–627.
260.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): NationalitätenundRassen, pp. 481–482.
261.
Of course, in these definitions two inconsistencies are identified: the reference to a physically delimited area, included in the first definition, is omitted in the second, whereas the reference to physically associates peoples of the second definition is not included in the first. This is another case of inconsistent use of terminology, a symptom identified also in his definition of the state.
262.
Chamberlain, H. S. (1903): Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, pp. 310–311.
263.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): NationalitätenundRassen, p. 480.
264.
Ratzel, Fr,⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit, p. 4.
265.
Ibid., pp. 411–412.
266.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷⁴ (1902): Die Erde und das Leben, pp. 628–629.
267.
See Sect. 4.3.6.
268.
See Sect. 4.3.3.
269.
See Sect. 4.5.2.
270.
See Sect. 4.2.7.
271.
See Sect. 4.1.
272.
See Sects. 4.3.6 and 4.4.3.
273.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷⁴ (1902): Die Erde und das Leben, p. 628.
274.
See Sect. 4.3.6.
275.
See Sect. 4.4.3.
276.
See Sect. 4.1.
277.
See Sect. 4.4.3.
278.
See: Ratzel, Fr.⁵ (1882): Die Stellung der Naturvölker in der Menschheit; Ratzel, Fr.²⁵ (1892): Zur Beurteilung der Neger.
279.
See Sects. 4.1, 4.3.2, 4.4.1.
280.
See Sect. 4.3.3.
281.
See Sect. 4.1.
282.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): NationalitätenundRassen, p. 480.
283.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 409.
284.
Ibid., p. 408.
285.
Ibid., p. 409.
286.
hologäisch: compound of the greek words όλον / whole και γαία / earth.
287.
Ratzel, Fr.¹¹(1909): Anthropogeographie. Erster Teil: Grundzüge…, p. 59.
288.
I.Th.Mazis und A. Stogiannos (2011): Die Boden – Staat Relation in Friedrich Ratzel’s politisch-geographischer Lehre, p. 19.
289.
See Sect. 1.3.2.1.
290.
Ratzel, Fr. (1900)⁶⁴: Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 405.
291.
Ibid., p. 406.
292.
See Sect. 6.5.
293.
Weber, Μ.: Η Προτεσταντική ηθική και το πνεύμα του Καπιταλισμού, p. 62.
294.
Ibid., p. 118.
295.
Ibid., p. 119.
296.
It should be remarked, that at that time Malthus’ ideas, to which Ratzel often refers, were extremely current.
297.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷⁴ (1902): Die Erde und das Leben, p. 627.
298.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 403.
299.
Ratzel, Fr.¹⁰ (1904): Nationalitäten und Rassen, p. 483.
300.
See Chap. 2: F. Ratzel’s State as a “social organism”.
301.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 403.
302.
Ratzel, Fr.⁷ (1900): Einige Aufgaben einer politischen Ethnographie, p. 418.
303.
Ibid., p. 418.
304.
Ibid., p. 419.
305.
About the content of Ratzel’s law, see Sect. 5.5.
306.
For Ratzel’s contribution to the theory of political diffusion (diffusionism), and its difference to the theory of evolution, see Sect. 5.2.
307.
Kjellen, Rudolf (1917): Der Staat als Lebensform, p. 21.
308.
RatzeL, Fr. ⁷⁵ (1941): Erdenmacht und Völkerschicksal. Foreword by Karl Haushofer, p. Χ.

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Faculty of Turkish Studies and Modern Asian Studies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Alexandros Stogiannos

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Stogiannos, A. (2019). Social/Cultural Aspects as Factors of Power Contributors in Fr. Ratzel’s State Analysis and the Issue of Racism. In: The Genesis of Geopolitics and Friedrich Ratzel. Historical Geography and Geosciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98035-5_4

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98035-5_4
Published: 30 October 2018
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