Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Processing of Sustainable Polymer Nanocomposites

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Processing of Polymer-based Nanocomposites

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Science ((SSMATERIALS,volume 278))

  • 671 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides a brief overview on the processing methods and structure-property relationships of polylactide, polyhydroxybutyrate, and starch nanocomposites as well as the challenges faced in their development, in order to further the state-of-the-art of green nanochemistry. The concept of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites and the role of nanofillers are discussed in detail. Further, the performances and potential industrial applications of these sustainable polymer nanocomposites are also discussed in brief.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Zaman I, Manshoor B, Khalid A, Araby S (2014) From clay to graphene for polymer nanocomposites—a survey. J Polym Res 21:429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Avérous L (2004) Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch: a review. J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev 44:231–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Gao Y, Picot OT, Bilotti E, Peijs T (2017) Influence of filler size on the properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 86:117–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Pachekoski WM, Agnelli JAM, Belem LP (2009) Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate) and polypropylene blends after processing. Mater Res 12:159–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Inan K, Sal FA, Rahman A, Putman RJ, Agblevor FA, Miller CD (2016) Microbubble assisted polyhydroxybutyrate production in Escherichia coli. BMC Res Notes 9:338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Khanna S, Srivastava AK (2005) Recent advances in microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Process Biochem 40:607–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Wang B, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Olson JW, Khan SA (2012) Upstream process optimization of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Alcaligenes latus using two-stage batch and fed-batch fermentation strategies. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 35:1591–1602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Arrieta MP, Samper MD, Aldas M, López J (2017) On the use of PLA-PHB blends for sustainable food packaging applications. Materials 10:1008

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sreedevi S, Unni KN, Sajith S, Priji P, Josh MS, Benjamin S (2014) Bioplastics: advances in polyhydroxybutyrate research. Advances in polymer science. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–30

    Google Scholar 

  10. Luckachan GE, Pillai CKS (2011) Biodegradable polymers—a review on recent trends and emerging perspectives. J Polym Environ 19:637–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Mudliar SN, Vaidya AN, Kumar MS, Dahikar S, Chakrabarti T (2008) Techno-economic evaluation of PHB production from activated sludge. Clean Techn Env Policy 10:255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Suryanegara L, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2009) The effect of crystallization of PLA on the thermal and mechanical properties of microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced PLA composites. Compos Sci Technol 69:1187–1192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Nanthananon P, Seadan M, Pivsa-Art S, Suttiruengwong S (2015) Enhanced crystallization of poly (lactic acid) through reactive aliphatic bisamide. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 87:012067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Rouf TB, Kokini JL (2016) Biodegradable biopolymer–graphene nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 51:9915–9945

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Najafi N, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ (2012) Polylactide (PLA)-clay nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding in the presence of a chain extender. Compos Sci Technol 72:608–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Cui Y, Kundalwal SI, Kumar S (2016) Gas barrier performance of graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Carbon 98:313–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Sengupta R, Bhattacharya M, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhowmick AK (2011) A review on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer composites. Prog Polym Sci 36:638–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ojijo V, Ray SS (2013) Progress in polymer science processing strategies in bionanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 38:1543–1589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Armentano I, Bitinis N, Fortunati E, Mattioli S, Rescignano N, Verdejo R, Lopez-manchado MA, Kenny JM (2013) Multifunctional nanostructured PLA materials for packaging and tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci 38:1720–1747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Picard E, Espuche E, Fulchiron R (2011) Effect of an organo-modi fi ed montmorillonite on PLA crystallization and gas barrier properties. Appl Clay Sci 53:58–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shameli K, Zakaria Z, Hara H, Ahmad MB, Mohamad SE, Nordin MFM, Iwamoto K (2015) Poly(lactic acid)/organoclay blend nanocomposites: structural, mechanical and microstructural properties. J Nanomater Biostr 10:323–329

    Google Scholar 

  22. Moad G, Dagley IJ, Habsuda J, Garvey CJ, Li G, Nichols L, Simon GP, Nobile MR (2015) Aqueous hydrogen peroxide-induced degradation of polyole fi ns: a greener process for controlled-rheology polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 117:97–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. D’Urso L, Acocella MR, Guerra G, Iozzino V, Santis FD, Pantani R (2018) PLA melt stabilization by high-surface-area graphite and carbon black. Polymers 10:139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sridhar V, Lee I, Chun HH, Park H (2013) Graphene reinforced biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) nano-composites. Express Polym Lett 7:320–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Maiti P, Batt CA, Giannelis EP (2007) New biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate/layered silicate nanocomposites. Biomacromol 8:3393–3400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lim ST, Hyun YH, Lee CH, Choi HJ (2003) Preparation and characterization of microbial biodegradable poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)/organoclay nanocomposite. J Mater Sci Lett 22:299–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Botlhoko OJ, Ramontja J, Ray SS (2017) Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of graphite- and graphene oxide-filled biodegradable polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) blend composites. J Appl Polym Sci 134:45373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Xie F, Halley PJ, Avérous L (2012) Rheology to understand and optimize processibility, structures and properties of starch polymeric materials. Prog Polym Sci 37:595–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Lu DR, Xiao CM, Xu SR (2009) Starch-based completely biodegradable polymer materials. Express Polym Lett 3:366–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Bari SS, Chatterjee A, Mishra S (2016) Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites: an overview. Polym Rev 56:287–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Müller CMO, Laurindoa JB, Yamashita F (2012) Composites of thermoplastic starch and nanoclays produced by extrusion and thermopressing. Carbohydr Polym 89:504–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Chung Y, Ansari S, Estevez L, Hayrapetyan S, Giannelis EP, Lai H (2010) Preparation and properties of biodegradable starch–clay nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 79:391–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Chieng BW, Ibrahim NA, Zin W, Yunus W, Hussein MZ, Then YY, Loo YY (2014) Effects of graphene nanoplatelets and reduced graphene oxide on poly(lactic acid) and plasticized poly(lactic acid): a comparative study. Polymers 6:2232–2246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Paul DR, Robeson LM (2018) Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites. Polymer 49:3187–3204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Iturrondobeitia M, Ibarretxe J, Okariz A, Jimbert P, Fernandez-martinez R, Guraya T (2018) Semi-automated quantification of the microstructure of PLA/clay nanocomposites to improve the prediction of the elastic modulus. Polym Test 66:280–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Botana A, Mollo M, Eisenberg P, Sanchez RMT (2010) Effect of modified montmorillonite on biodegradable PHB nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 47:263–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Farah S, Anderson DG, Langer R (2016) Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications—a comprehensive review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:367–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Raquez J, Habibi Y, Murariu M, Dubois P (2013) Polylactide (PLA)-based nanocomposites Jean-Marie. Prog Polym Sci 38:1504–1542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Gironi F, Frattari S, Piemonte V (2016) PLA chemical recycling process optimization: PLA solubilization in organic solvents. J Polym Environ 24:328–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Bordes P, Pollet E, Bourbigot S, Averous L (2008) Structure and properties of PHA/clay nano-biocomposites prepared by melt intercalation. Macromol Chem Phys 209:1473–1484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Akin O, Tihminlioglu F (2018) Effects of organo-modified clay addition and temperature on the water vapor barrier properties of polyhydroxy butyrate homo and copolymer nanocomposite films for packaging applications. J Polym Environ 26:1121–1132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Xie F, Luckman P, Milne J, McDonald L, Young C, Tu CY, Pasquale TD, Faveere R, Halley PJ (2014) Thermoplastic starch: current development and future trends. J Renew Mater 2:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Corre DL, Bras J, Dufresne A (2010) Starch nanoparticles: a review. Biomacromol 11:1139–1153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Ma T, Chang PR, Zheng P, Ma X (2013) The composites based on plasticized starch and graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide. Carbohydr Polym 94:63–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Khosravi-darani K, Bucci DZ (2015) Application of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) in food packaging: improvements by nanotechnology. Chem Biochem Eng 29:275–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Follain N, Chappey C, Dargent E, Chivrac F, Crétois R, Marais S (2014) Structure and barrier properties of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate films. J Phys Chem C 118:6165–6177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Avella M, De Vlieger JJ, Errico ME, Fischer S, Vacca P, Volpe MG (2005) Biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications. Food Chem 93:467–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Paul MA, Alexandre M, Degée P, Calberg C, Jerome R, Dubois P (2003) Exfoliated polylactide/clay nanocomposites by in situ coordination–insertion polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 24:561–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Cele HM, Ojijo V, Chen H, Kumar S, Land K, Joubert T, De Villiers MFR, Ray SS (2014) Effect of nanoclay on optical properties of PLA/clay composite films. Polym Test 36:24–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pinto AM, Gonçalves C, Gonçalves IC, Magalhães FD (2016) Effect of biodegradation on thermo-mechanical properties and biocompatibility of poly (lactic acid)/graphene nanoplatelets composites. Eur Polym J 85:431–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Botta L, Scaffaro R, Sutera F, Mistretta MC (2018) Reprocessing of PLA/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites. Polymers 10:18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Chen Y, Yao X, Zhou X, Pan Z, Gu Q (2011) Poly (lactic acid)/graphene nanocomposites prepared via solution blending using chloroform as a mutual solvent. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 11:7813–7819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Puglia D, Fortunati E, Amico DAD, Manfredi LB, Cyras VP, Kenny JM (2014) Influence of organically modified clays on the properties and disintegrability in compost of solution cast poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) films. Polym Degrad Stab 99:127–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Arza CR, Jannasch P, Maurer FHJ (2014) Network formation of graphene oxide in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 59:262–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Bian J, Lan H, Wang G, Zhou Q, Wang ZJ, Zhou X, Lu Y, Zhao XW (2016) Morphological, mechanical and thermal properties of chemically bonded graphene oxide nanocomposites with biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by solution intercalation. Polym Polym Compos 24:133–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Dean K, Yu L, Wu DY (2007) Preparation and characterization of melt-extruded thermoplastic starch/clay nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 67:413–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Li R, Liu C, Ma J (2011) Studies on the properties of graphene oxide-reinforced starch biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 84:631–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Liu H, Song W, Chen F, Guo L, Zhang J (2011) Interaction of microstructure and interfacial adhesion on impact performance of polylactide (PLA) ternary blends. Macromolecules 44:1513–1522

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Arrieta MP, Lopez J, Ferrandiz S, Peltzer MA (2013) Characterization of PLA-limonene blends for food packaging applications. Polym Test 32:760–768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Mofokeng TG, Ray SS, Ojijo V (2018) Structure—property relationship in PP/LDPE blend composites: the role of nanoclay localization. J Appl Polym Sci 135:46193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Salehiyan R, Ray SS, Bandyopadhyay J, Ojijo V (2017) The distribution of nanoclay particles at the interface and their influence on the microstructure development and rheological properties of reactively processed biodegradable blend nanocomposites. Polymers 9:350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Botlhoko OJ, Ramontja J, Ray SS (2018) Morphological development and enhancement of thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties of thermally exfoliated graphene oxide- filled biodegradable polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) blend composites. Polymer 139:188–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Botlhoko OJ, Ramontja J, Ray SS (2017) Thermally shocked graphene oxide-containing biocomposite for thermal management applications. RSC Adv 7:33751–33756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Phiri J, Gane P, Maloney TC (2017) General overview of graphene: production, properties and application in polymer composites. Mater Sci Eng B 215:9–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the financial support from the Department of Science and Technology and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (DST-CSIR NCNSM).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

    Orebotse Joseph Botlhoko & Suprakas Sinha Ray

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Suprakas Sinha Ray

Authors
  1. Orebotse Joseph Botlhoko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Suprakas Sinha Ray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suprakas Sinha Ray .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa

    Suprakas Sinha Ray

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Botlhoko, O.J., Sinha Ray, S. (2018). Processing of Sustainable Polymer Nanocomposites. In: Sinha Ray, S. (eds) Processing of Polymer-based Nanocomposites. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 278. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97792-8_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation