Abstract
The implementation of any evidence-based treatment (EBT) into community settings, especially at a broad scale, is a complex, dynamic process. Large-scale implementation requires consideration of factors at a variety of levels, including those related to the broader system, provider agencies, clinical and professional staff, as well as families. This chapter will explore the implementation of one EBT, parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT), across one state, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The spread and implementation of the intervention will be discussed in light of the current literature related to dissemination and implementation. Specific examples and case discussions from the state will also be highlighted, including a review of specific facilitating factors and barriers, as well as strategies used to promote implementation with fidelity and ongoing sustainability of the model.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aarons, G. A., Sommerfeld, D. H., Hecht, D. B., Silovsky, J. F., & Chaffin, M. J. (2009). The impact of evidence-based practice implementation and fidelity monitoring on staff turnover: Evidence for a protective effect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 270–280.
American Psychological Assocation Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice for Children and Adolescents. (2008). Disseminating evidence-based practice for children & adolescents: A systems approach to enhancing care. Washington, DC: American Psychological Assocation.
American Psychological Association, Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. (1993). A report to Division 12 board of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association, Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. (1995). Training in and dissemination of empirically validated psychological treatments. Clinical Psychologist, 48, 3–23.
Barrett, M. S., Chua, W.-J., Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B., Casiano, D., & Thompson, D. (2008). Early withdrawal from mental health treatment: Implications for psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 45, 247–267.
Beidas, R. S., Marcus, S., Wolk, C. B., Powell, B., Aarons, G. A., Evans, A. C., … Mandell, D. S. (2016). A prospective examination of clinician and supervisor turnover within the context of implementation of evidence-based practices in a publicly-funded mental health system. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43(5), 640–649.
Beveridge, R. M., Fowles, T. R., Masse, J. J., McGoron, L., Smith, M. A., Parrish, B. P., … Widdoes, N. (2015). State-wide dissemination and implementation of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT): Application of theory. Children and Youth Services Review, 48, 38048.
Bjorklund, R. W., Monroe-DeVita, M., Reed, D., Toulon, A., & Morse, G. (2009). Washington State’s initiative to disseminate and implement high-fidelity ACT teams. Psychiatric Services, 60(1), 24–27.
Boggs, S. R., Eyberg, S. M., Edwards, D., Rayfield, A., Jacobs, J., Bagner, D., & Hood, K. (2004). Outcomes of parent-child interaction therapy: A comparison of dropouts and treatment completers one to three years after treatment. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 26, 1–22.
Bruns, J. E., Kerns, S. E. U., Pullmann, M. D., Hensley, S. W., Lutterman, H. T., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2016). Research, data, and evidence-based treatment use in state behavioral health systems, 2001–2012. Psychiatric Services, 67, 496–503.
Bukach, A. M., Ejaz, F. K., Dawson, N., & Gitter, R. J. (2017). Turnover among community mental health workers in Ohio. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(1), 115–122.
Cavaleri, M. A., Gopalan, G., McKay, M., Appel, A., Bannor Jr., W. M., Bigley, M. F., ... Thalor, S. (2006). Impact of a learning collaborative to improve child mental health services use among low-income urban youth and families. Best Practices in Mental Health, 2(2), 67–80.
Cavaleri, M. A., Gopalan, G., McKay, M. M., Messam, T., Velez, E., & Elwyn, L. (2010). The effect of a learning collaborative to improve engagement in child mental health services. Child and Youth Services Review, 32(2), 281–285.
Chaffin, M., Silovsky, J. F., Funderburk, B., Valle, L. A., Brestan, E. V., Balachova, T., … Bonner, B. L. (2004). Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: Efficacy for reducing future abuse reports. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 72, 500–510.
Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D. H., Beutler, L. E., Calhoun, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., et al. (1998). Update on empirically validated therapies II. Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3–15.
Chambless, D. L., Sanderson, W. C., Shoham, V., Johnson, S. B., Pope, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., et al. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies. Clinical Psychologist, 49, 5–18.
Community Data Roundtable. (2015). An introduction to community data roundtable’s behavioral health rehabilitation services outcomes dashboard. Retrieved from http://www.communitydataroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/White-Paper-October-12.pdf.
Coogle, C. L. (2002). The families who care project: Meeting educational needs of African American and rural family caregivers dealing with dementia. Educational Gerontology, 28(1), 59–71.
Damschroder, L. J., Aron, D. C., Keith, R. E., Kirsh, S. R., Alexander, J. A., & Lowery, J. C. (2009). Fostering implementation of health service research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science, 4, 1–15.
de Haan, A. M., Boon, A. E., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Hoeve, M., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2013). A meta-analytic review on treatment dropout in child and adolescent outpatient mental health care. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 698–711.
Durlak, J. A., & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 327–350.
Fixsen, D. L., Naoom, S. F., Blase, K. A., Friedman, R. M., & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network (FMHI Publication #231).
Franco, E., Soler, R. E., & McBride, M. (2005). Introducing and evaluating parent-child interaction therapy in a system of care. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 351–366 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15694790
Franco, L. M., McKay, M. M., Fazio, M., Gopalan, G., Cavaleri, M. A., Appel, A., ... Thaler, S. (2007). The sustainability of a learning collaborative to improve mental health service use among low-income urban youth and families. Best Practices in Mental Health, 2, 52–61.
Gadomski, A. M., et al. (2001). Changes in health care providers’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding domestic violence, following a multifaceted intervention. Academic Medicine, 76(10), 1045–1052.
Green, L., Ottoson, J., García, C., & Hiatt, R. (2009). Diffusion theory and knowledge dissemination, utilization, and integration in public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 30, 151–174.
Harwood, M. D., & Eyberg, S. M. (2004). Therapist verbal behavior early in treatment: Relation to successful completion of parent-child interaction therapy. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 601–612.
Hawkins, K. A., & Sinha, R. (1998). Can line clinicians master the conceptual complexities of dialectical behavior therapy? An evaluation of a state department of mental health training program. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 32(6), 379–384.
Hein, D., et al. (2009). Preparing, training, and integrating staff in providing integrated treatment. In Trauma services for women in substance abuse: An integrated approach (pp. 143–161). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Herschell, A. D., Kolko, D. J., Baumann, B. L., & Davis, A. C. (2010). The role of therapist training in the implementation of psychosocial treatments: A review and critique with recommendations. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 448–466.
Herschell, A. D., Kolko, D. J., Scudder, A. B., Taber-Thomas, S., Schaffner, K. F., Heigel, S. A., … Mrozowski, S. (2015). Protocol for a statewide randomized controlled trial to compare three training models for implementing an evidence-based treatment. Implementation Science, 10, 133–149.
Herschell, A. D., Scudder, A. B., Schaffner, K. F., & Slagel, L. A. (2017). Feasibility and effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy with victims of domestic violence: A pilot study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 271–283.
Hood, K., & Eyberg, S. M. (2003). Outcomes of parent-child interaction therapy: Mothers’ reports on maintenance three to six years after treatment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 419–429.
Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2003). The breakthrough series: IHI’s collaborative model for achieving breakthrough improvement in innovation series. Boston: Institute for Healthcare Improvement.
Jackson, C. B., Macphee, F. L., Hunter L. J., Herschell, A. D., & Carter, M. J. (2017). Lessons learned: Enrolling family participants in a statewide implementation trial of an evidence-based treatment. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action. https://doi.org/10.1353/cpr.2017.0028
Kazdin, A. E. (1995). Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Kazdin, A. E., & Wassell, G. (1998). Treatment completion and therapeutic change among children referred for outpatient therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29, 332–340.
Kilo, C. M. (1998). A framework for collaborative improvement: Lessons from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s breakthrough series. Quality Management in Health Care, 6, 1–13.
Lanier, P., Kohl, P., Benz, J., Swinger, D., & Drake, B. (2014). Preventing maltreatment with a community-based implementation of parent-child interaction therapy. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 449–460.
Lanier, P., Kohl, P. L., Benz, J., Swinger, D., Moussette, P., & Drake, B. (2011). Parent-child interaction therapy in a community setting: Examining outcomes, attrition, and treatment setting. Research on Social Work Practice, 1, 689–698.
Lyon, A. R., & Budd, K. S. (2010). A community mental health implementation of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT). Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 654–668.
Markiewicz, J., et al. (2006). Learning collaborative toolkit. Los Angeles, CA and Durham, NC: National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.
Martino, S., et al. (2010). Partnerships and pathways of dissemination: The NIDA-SAMHSA Blending Initiative in the Clinical Trials Network. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 38(Suppl 1), S31–S43.
McHugh, R. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). The dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments: A review of current efforts. American Psychologist, 65, 73–84.
Mental Health America. (2013). Position Statement 12: Evidence-Based Healthcare.
Moon, R. Y., Calabrese, T., & Aird, L. (2008). Reducing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in child care and changing provider practices: Lessons learned from a demonstration project. Pediatrics, 122(4), 788–798.
Nyamathi, A., et al. (2008). HIV knowledge improvement among nurses in India: Using a train-the-trainer program. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 19(6), 443–449.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy International. (n.d.) About PCIT International. Retrieved June 12, 2017, from http://www.pcit.org/about.html.
Pluye, P., Potvin, L., & Denis, J. L. (2004). Making public health programs last: Conceptualizing sustainability. Evaluation and Program Planning, 27, 121–133.
President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2004). Report of the president’s new freedom commission on mental health.
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovation (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.
Rogers, E. S., et al. (1986). Training mental health workers in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophreia Bulletin, 12(4), 709–719.
Rollins, A. L., Salyers, M. P., Tsai, J., & Lydick, J. M. (2010). Staff turnover in statewide implementation of ACT: Relationship with ACT fidelity and other team characteristics. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 37(5), 417–426.
Rutkowski, B. A., Gallon, S., Rawson, R. A., Freese, T. E., Bruehl, A., Crèvecoeur-MacPhail, D., … Cotter, F. (2010). Improving client engagement and retention in treatment: The Los Angeles County experience. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 39, 78–86.
Schumann, E., During, P., Eyberg, S. M., & Boggs, S. R. (1996). Screening for conduct problems in pediatric settings using the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. Ambulatory Child Health, 2, 35–41.
Scudder, A. T., & Herschell, A. D. (2015). Building an evidence-base for the training of evidence-based treatments in community settings: Use of an expert-informed approach. Children and Youth Services Review, 55, 84–92.
Scudder, A. T., Herschell, A. D., & McNeil, C. B. (2015). Parent-child interaction therapy. In L. A. Reddy, T. M. Files-Hall, & C. S. Schaefer (Eds.), Empirically based play interventions for children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
Scudder, A. T., Taber-Thomas, S. M., Schaffner, K. F., Pemberton, J., Hunter, L., & Herschell, A. D. (2017). A mixed-methods study of system-level sustainability of an evidence-based practice following 12 large-scale implementation initiatives. Health Research Policy and Systems, 15, 102 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-017-0230-8.
Shore, B. A., et al. (1995). Pyramidal staff training in the extension of treatment for severe behavior disorders. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(3), 323–332.
Sigel, B. A., Benton, A. H., Lynch, C. E., & Kramer, T. L. (2013). Characteristics of 17 statewide initiatives to disseminate trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 323–333.
Southam-Gerow, M. A., Rodriguez, A., Chorpita, B., & Daleiden, E. (2012). Dissemination and implementation of evidence based treatments for youth: Challenges and recommendations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 527–534.
The Development of PCIT in Pennsylvania. (2014). Unpublished manuscript. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Thomas, R., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007). Behavioral outcomes of parent-child interaction therapy and triple p – Positive parenting program: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 475–495.
Thomas, R., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2012). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: An evidence-based treatment for child maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 17(3), 253–266.
Tibbits, M. K., Bumbarger, B. K., Kyler, S. J., & Perkins, D. F. (2010). Sustaining evidence-based interventions under real-world conditions: Results from a large-scale diffusion project. Prevention Science, 11, 252–262.
Tolan, P. H., & Dodge, K. A. (2005). Children’s mental health as a primary care and concern: A system for comprehensive support and service. The American Psychologist, 60(6), 601–614.
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Mental Health.
Washington State Institute for Public Policy. (2017). Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) for families in the child welfare system: Benefit-cost results. Retrieved from http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/ProgramPdf/77/Parent-Child-Interaction-Therapy-PCIT-for-families-in-the-child-welfare-system.
Werba, B. E., Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (2006). Predicting outcome in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Success and attrition. Behavior Modification, 30, 618–646.
Westfall, J., Mold, J., & Fagnan, L. (2007). Practice-based research – “Blue Highways” on the NIH roadmap. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297, 403–406.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Herschell, A.D., Schaffner, K.F., Taber-Thomas, S., Scudder, A.T. (2018). Getting Parent–Child Interaction Therapy to Scale. In: Niec, L. (eds) Handbook of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97698-3_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97698-3_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97697-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97698-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)