Abstract
In this chapter, Crowther begins to discuss the findings. The chapter focuses on people’s desires to find a sense of belonging within these excursions and an underlying want to verify a positive aspect of one’s ideal or ought self. By taking part in activities within the natural, there is an allowance for access to new kinds of cultural interactions with new people and in new landscapes. In these interactions with others, and the space, people begin to feel secure in finding a sense of belonging somewhere with others. Given the many variables within these groups, the need to belong becomes a little more complex. Crowther considers Baumeister and Leary’s ‘belongingness hypothesis’ and practical, emotional, and aspirational motivations as one and the same.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Baumeister and Leary (1995: 497).
- 2.
- 3.
Jones (2011: 160).
- 4.
Csikszentmihalyi (2002).
- 5.
Mahar et al. (2013: 1030).
- 6.
Mahar et al. (2013).
- 7.
Mahar et al. (2013).
- 8.
Mahar et al. (2013).
- 9.
Mahar et al. (2013).
- 10.
Mahar et al. (2013).
- 11.
A ‘cap card’ is an Edinburgh City Council leisure card, allowing access to gyms, pools, and other leisure activities for only £1. These cards are given to those with low income, or through GP prescription.
- 12.
Baumeister and Leary (1995).
- 13.
in Mahar et al. (2013: 1028).
- 14.
in Mahar et al. (2013).
- 15.
Caxaj in Mahar et al. (2013: 1028).
- 16.
Malekoff (2010).
- 17.
Forsyth (2013).
- 18.
Forsyth (2013).
- 19.
Forsyth (2013).
- 20.
Adam Smith (1759: 2010).
- 21.
Baumeister and Leary (1995).
- 22.
Baumeister and Leary (1995: 500).
- 23.
Baumeister and Leary (1995: 511).
- 24.
Maslow, in Baumeister and Leary (1995: 497).
- 25.
Belk (1988).
- 26.
Baumeister and Leary (1995).
- 27.
Eisenberg et al. (2010).
- 28.
Eisenberg et al. (2010).
- 29.
Eisenberg et al. (2010).
- 30.
Higgins (1987).
- 31.
Higgins (1987: 320–321).
- 32.
Higgins (1987).
- 33.
Markus and Nurius (1986: 854, emphasis my own).
- 34.
Markus and Nurius (1986).
- 35.
Markus and Nurius (1986).
- 36.
Markus Nurius (1986: 854).
- 37.
Markus and Nurius (1986: 945).
- 38.
Markus and Nurius (1986: 945).
- 39.
Markus and Nurius (1986: 955).
- 40.
Markus and Nurius (1986).
- 41.
Kyle et al. (2014).
- 42.
James in Belk (1988).
- 43.
In Higgins (1987).
- 44.
Turner (1969).
- 45.
Belk (1988: 141).
- 46.
William James in Belk (1988: 139).
- 47.
Gregory Bateson in Belk (1988: 156).
- 48.
Belk (1988).
- 49.
Naess (1987).
- 50.
In Beech (2011: 286).
- 51.
Twigger-Ross and Uzzell (1996).
- 52.
Twigger-Ross Uzzell (1996: 205).
- 53.
Twigger-Ross and Uzzell (1996).
- 54.
Twigger-Ross and Uzzell (1996).
- 55.
Bloch (2012: 63).
- 56.
Burke and Stets (1999).
- 57.
In Kyle et al. (2014: 1025).
- 58.
Higgins (1987).
References
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.
Beech, N. (2011). Liminality and the Practices of Identity Reconstruction. Human Relations, 64(2), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710371235.
Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the Extended Self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139–168. Oxford University Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489522
Bloch, M. (2012). Anthropology and the Cognitive Challenge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (1999). Trust and Commitment in an Identity Verification Context. Social Psychology Quarterly, 62, 347–366.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. London: Rider/Random House.
Eisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., & Di Giunta, L. (2010). Empathy-Related Responding: Associations with Prosocial Behaviour, Aggression, and Intergroup Relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4(1), 143–180.
Forsyth, D. R. (2013). Group Dynamics (6th ed.). Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole.
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340. Available at persweb.wabash.edu/facstaff/hortonr/articles%20for%20class/Higgins.pdf. Accessed 14 June 2018.
Jones, O. (2011). Chapter 11: Materiality and Identity – Forests, Trees and Senses of Belonging. (Editors Proof). In E. Ritter & D. Dauksta (Eds.), New Perspectives on People and Forests, World Forests (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1150-1_11.
Kyle, G. T., Jun, J., & Absher, J. D. (2014). Repositioning Identity in Conceptualisations of Human-Place Bonding. Environment and Behaviour, 46(8), 1018–1043. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513488783.
Mahar, A., Cobigo, V., & Stuart, H. (2013). Perspectives in Rehabilitation: Conceptualising Belonging. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(11–13), 1026–1032. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.717584.
Malekoff, A. (2010). Difference, Acceptance and Belonging. Social Work with Groups, 14(1), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1300/J009v14n0109.
Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible Selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969.
Naess, A. (1987, August). Self-Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World. The Trumpeter: Voices from the Canadian Ecopsychology Network, 4(3), Victoria. Available at http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/viewFile/623/992. Viewed 27 July 2017.
Smith, A. (1759/2007). The Theory of Modern Sentiments. New York: Cosimo, Inc.
Turner, V. (1969). The Ritual Process – Structure and Anti-structure. Suffolk: Richard Clay (The Chaucer Press Ltd).
Turner, V. (1970). The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Twigger-Ross, C. L., & Uzzell, D. L. (1996). Place and Identity Processes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16, 205–220.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Crowther, R. (2019). The Journey, Belonging, and the Self. In: Wellbeing and Self-Transformation in Natural Landscapes. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97673-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97673-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97672-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97673-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)