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Climate-Smart Agriculture and a Sustainable Food System for a Sustainable-Engendered Peace

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Climate Change, Disasters, Sustainability Transition and Peace in the Anthropocene

Part of the book series: The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science ((APESS,volume 25))

Abstract

In addition to increasing extreme events due to climate change, losses of ecosystem services, soil depletion, water scarcity, and air pollution, in most emerging countries the importation of basic food items, especially corn, soya beans, and wheat, has increased. These countries often purchase genetic modified grains which might affect their biodiversity. The present chapter proposes a climate-sustainable agriculture with food sovereignty (CSAFS) that combines the climate-smart agriculture promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations with the recovery of local food cultures, environmental diversity, and healthy food intake from a gendered perspective. This approach deepens the concept of food sovereignty from Via Campesina, the international movement which coordinates small and medium scale agricultural producers and workers across the globe. This case study of Mexico illustrates the nutritional impact on poor people of industrialised and imported food. In 2018, half of all Mexicans live in conditions of poverty, with informal jobs and insufficient income. The increase of food prices has forced many people to substitute nutritious fresh food with sugar and carbohydrates. This change of diet has increased obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other chronic illnesses. Since 2017 President Trump has initiated a renegotiation of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and his administration has charged import taxes on selected Mexican export products. The complexity and urgency of this crisis, aggravated by climate change impacts, obliges the Mexican Government to rethink its agricultural policy, which is now unable to provide healthy food to everybody. The State, the business community and the citizens must design a policy of a sustainable agriculture and a healthy food culture, which may reverse environmental deterioration, increase the capture of greenhouse gases, mitigate climate change impacts, reduce the malnutrition of adults, and improve the chronic undernourishment of small children.

Úrsula Oswald Spring, Research professor, UNAM, CRIM; Secretary General of IPRA, Email. uoswald@gmail.com.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This huge difference was assessed by FAO using several simulation models (FAO 2015) and satellite images.

  2. 2.

    Nestlé has proposed in 2001 an alternative productivist model, which is overcoming the green revolution that has stagnated, due to the high prices of hydrocarbons, the contamination of water, soil and air and the effects of agrochemicals on human health. The new paradigm called life sciences or precision farming is promoted by transnational enterprises, who control GMO-seeds, agrochemicals, storage, supermarket chains and the finances. These enterprises are generating a productivist-commercial monopoly, in which genetic modified organisms, health and food transformation technologies are integrated in clusters for the production and transformation of food. In the view of this author, only green or organic agriculture offers an alternative model, where environmental services are combined with food production and where peasants, women and indigenous people are finding alternatives for their survival in rural areas.

  3. 3.

    Natural fertility falls into two different categories: “macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are the most important nutrients for plant development and relatively high quantities are required. Macronutrients include: carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulphur (S). Micronutrients, on the other hand, are needed in smaller amounts, but are still crucial for plant development and growth. Micronutrients include iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and chlorine (Cl). Nearly all plant nutrients are taken up in ionic forms from the soil solution as cations or as anions” (FAO 2015: 35).

  4. 4.

    Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic matter (SOM) increase the productivity of food, restore degraded soils and increase the resilience of land exposed to climate impacts, thus improve food production. SOC depends on land management and precipitation, thus Lal (2006) estimates yield gains per hectare in the tropics and subtropics for wheat ranging from 20–70 kg and for maize to 30–300 kg/ha. By adding SOM, the natural productivity can be improved and depending on the SOM composition there is a wide variety of impacts on yields. “Soil degradation inherently reduces or eliminates soil functions and their ability to support ecosystem services essential for human well-being. Minimizing or eliminating significant soil degradation is essential to maintain the services provided by all soils and is substantially more cost-effective than rehabilitating soils after degradation has occurred …This increases the area available for the provision of services without necessitating land use conversion” (FAO 2015: 180).

  5. 5.

    In developing countries, nutritional and health management for pregnant women and school children may avoid chronic undernourishment and high levels of mother-infant mortality. School breakfasts may offer children a healthy food culture, improve academic and labour involvement, and increase mother and child well-being, while also reducing expenses for diseases and health care.

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  1. UNAM, CRIM, Cuernavaca, Mexico

    Úrsula Oswald Spring

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  1. Peace Research and European Security Studies (AFES-PRESS), Mosbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

    Hans Günter Brauch

  2. Centre for Regional Multidisciplinary Research (CRIM), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

    Úrsula Oswald Spring

  3. Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Andrew E. Collins

  4. Centre for Regional Multidisciplinary Research (CRIM), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

    Serena Eréndira Serrano Oswald

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Spring, Ú.O. (2019). Climate-Smart Agriculture and a Sustainable Food System for a Sustainable-Engendered Peace. In: Brauch, H., Oswald Spring, Ú., Collins, A., Serrano Oswald, S. (eds) Climate Change, Disasters, Sustainability Transition and Peace in the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97562-7_5

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