Abstract
Transformative and accountable climate governance must address trade and investment law to ensure investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) clauses in trade agreements are not used to delay, disrupt, and block governance of the environment, biodiversity, and climate. This chapter examines two recent ISDS matters under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and public policy options to reform the ISDS regime in renegotiations of NAFTA. It also considers the implications of investment disputes over environmental and climate matters for the Trans-Pacific Partnership 2015. The reformation or abolition of the ISDS regime would remove significant challenges to global sustainable development and climate action goals.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
350.org and Others. (2017, August 20). Replacing NAFTA: Eight essential changes to an environmentally destructive deal. https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-wysiwig/NAFTA%20Enviro%20Redlines%20FINAL.pdf.
350.org. Keystone XL—Victory! https://350.org/kxl-victory/.
350.org. Say no to corporate power grabs—Reject the Trans-Pacific Partnership. http://campaigns.350.org/petitions/say-no-to-corporate-power-grabs-reject-the-trans-pacific-partnership.
ABC News. (2017, January 25). Donald Trump Advances North Dakota, Keystone XL Pipeline Projects. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-25/trump-to-approve-controversial-pipelines/8210026.
Ackerman, F., Bejar A. A., Laxer, G., & Beachy, B. (2018). NAFTA 2.0: For people or polluters? A climate Denier’s trade deal versus clean energy economy. https://canadians.org/sites/default/files/publications/report-nafta-people-or-polluters.pdf.
Baker, D., Jayadev, A., & Stiglitz, J. (2017). Innovation, intellectual property, and development: A better set of approaches for the 21st century. AccessIBSA. http://ip-unit.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/IP-for-21st-Century-EN.pdf.
Barlow, M. (2007). Blue covenant: The global water crisis and the coming battle for the right to water. New York: The New Press.
Barlow, M. (2013). Blue future: Protecting water for people and the planet forever. Toronto and New York: The New Press.
Barlow, M., & Clarke, T. (2002). Blue gold: The fight to stop the corporate theft of the world’s water. New York and London: The New Press.
Barron-Lopez, L. (2016, July 1). Pipeline developer is suing Obama to resurrect Keystone XL. The Huffington Post. http://huff.to/1Za3npf.
Beachy, B. (2016a). Climate roadblocks: Looming trade deals threaten efforts to keep fossil fuels in the ground. Washington, DC: The Sierra Club. http://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-wysiwig/climate-roadblocks.pdf.
Beachy, B. (2016b, May 12). Want to keep fossil fuels in the ground? Stop these trade deals. The Leap. https://theleapblog.org/want-to-keep-fossil-fuels-in-the-ground-stop-these-trade-deals/.
Beachy, B. (2017, July 1). The corporation behind Keystone XL just laid bare the TPP’s threats to our climate. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-beachy/the-corporation-behind-ke_b_8931802.html.
Beachy, B. (2018, February 9). Climate-friendly trade? We’re not the only ones calling for it. Compass. https://www.sierraclub.org/compass/2018/02/climate-friendly-trade-we-re-not-only-ones-calling-for-it.
Beaumont, H. (2016, January 7). TransCanada sues Obama administration over Keystone XL rejection. Vice News. https://news.vice.com/article/transcanada-sues-obama-administration-over-keystone-xl-rejection?utm_source=vicenewstwitter.
Beharry, C. & Kuritzky, M. (2015). Going green: Managing the environment through international investment arbitration. American University Law Review, 30: 383–430 at 430.
Berthiaume, L. (2018, April 16). Trudeau and Macron promise to double down on climate change fight. The Canadian Press. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-jean-paris-environment-1.4621202.
Boyd, D. (2015a). The optimistic environmentalist: Progressing towards a greener future. Toronto: ECW Press.
Boyd, D. (2015b). Cleaner, greener, healthier: A prescription for stronger Canadian environmental laws and policies. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Boyd, D. (2016, January 11). Don’t let trade deals hamper climate progress. The Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2016/01/11/dont-let-trade-deals-hamper-climate-progress.html.
The Canadian Press. (2013, November 23). Quebec fracking ban lawsuit: Lone Pine Resources Wants $250 million from Ottawa. Huffington Post Canada. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/11/23/quebec-fracking-ban-lawsuit-lone-pine_n_2176990.html.
The Canadian Press. (2017, August 25). Climate change still a NAFTA priority for Canada. Maclean’s. http://www.macleans.ca/politics/climate-change-still-a-nafta-priority-for-canada/.
Congressional Progressive Caucus. (2017). A Fair Trade Agenda: Renegotiating NAFTA for Working Families. https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/a-fair-trade-agenda-renegotiating-nafta-for-working-families/ and https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/uploads/CPC%20Fair%20Trade%20Agenda.pdf.
The Council of Canadians. (2017, July 17). Brief on the North American free trade agreement renegotiation to the House of Commons Committee on International Trade, 5. https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/CIIT/Brief/BR9162410/br-external/CouncilOfCanadians-e.pdf.
Dayen, D., & Grim, R. (2016, September 8). There’s a new front in the battle over the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/tpp-isds-battle_us_57d030cee4b06a74c9f1da0c.
de Zayas, A. (2015, August 5). Promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, United Nations, 10. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/285.
de Zayas A. (2016, September 13). Trade agreements should mainstream human rights, UN News Centre. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54903#.V9lUAfl97IU.
Dinan, S. (2016, January 7). Keystone pipeline lawsuit and ISDS action threatens Obama’s Asian trade deal. The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jan/7/keystone-pipeline-lawsuit-threatens-obamas-trans-p/#.VpOo_6_WZgE.twitter.
Dlouhy, J. (2016, June 26). TransCanada files $15B NAFTA claim on Keystone XL pipeline. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-25/transcanada-files-15b-nafta-claim-on-keystone-xl-rejection.
Dlouhy, J. (2017, September 1). Oil firms that cheered regulatory cuts are quaking on NAFTA. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-01/oil-firms-that-cheered-regulatory-rollback-are-quaking-on-nafta.
Dlouhy, J., & Wingfield, B. (2016, January 7). Pacific trade deal opponents say keystone case shows pact’s risk. Bloomberg. http://bloom.bg/1POY5tk.
Dorling, P. (2015, March 26). WikiLeaks reveals local health and environment rules under threat. The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/wikileaks-reveals-local-health-and-environment-rules-under-threat-20150325-1m7y8d.html.
Fowler, D. (2016). Keystonewalled: TransCanada’s discrimination claim under NAFTA and the future of investor-state dispute settlement. American University International Law Review, 31(1), 103–135.
Franken, A. (2015, May 21). Senators urge U.S. trade representative to protect public health and environmental laws from foreign trade tribunals (press release). https://www.franken.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=3153.
Freeland, C. (2017, August 14). Address by Foreign Affairs Minister on the Modernization of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/08/address_by_foreignaffairsministeronthemodernizationofthenorthame.html?wbdisable=true.
French, R. (2014, July 9), Investor-state dispute settlement—A cut above the courts? Supreme and Federal Courts Judges’ Conference. http://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speeches/current-justices/frenchcj/frenchcj09jul14.pdf.
The Friends of the Earth. (2013, December 4). Friends of the Earth protest Pacific trade deal. http://www.foe.org/news/blog/2013-12-autumn-agitation-against-pacific-trade-deal#sthash.l7HSTLhz.dpuf.
The Friends of the Earth, The Trans-Pacific Partnership. http://www.foe.org/projects/economics-for-the-earth/trade/trans-pacific-partnership#sthash.OddY6Sdg.dpuf.
Fulton, D. (2016, September 7). Prominent scholars decry TPP’s “Frontal Attack” on law and democracy. Common Dreams.
Geist, M. (2016). The trouble with the TPP’, the University of Ottawa. http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2016/01/the-trouble-with-the-tpp-day-1-u-s-blocks-balancing-objectives/.
Goldenberg, S., & Roberts, D. (2015, November 7). Obama rejects Keystone XL pipeline and hails US as leader on climate change. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/06/obama-rejects-keystone-xl-pipeline.
Gonzalez, J., & Goodman, A. (2017, March 27). Bill McKibben: Trump may have approved Keystone XL, but people will stop this pipeline again. Democracy Now! https://www.democracynow.org/2017/3/27/bill_mckibben_trump_may_have_approved.
Government of Canada, NAFTA—Chapter 11—Investment: Cases filed against the Government of Canada—Lone Pine Resources Inc. The Government of Canada. http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/topics-domaines/disp-diff/lone.aspx?lang=eng, https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/a-fair-trade-agenda-renegotiating-nafta-for-working-families/ and https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/uploads/CPC%20Fair%20Trade%20Agenda.pdf.
Hurst, D. (2015, December 18). Australia wins international legal battle with Philip Morris over plain packaging. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/dec/18/australia-wins-international-legal-battle-with-philip-morris-over-plain-packaging.
Kassam, A. (2018, April 17). Canada: Trudeau vows to push ahead with pipeline plans in spite of protests. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/16/canada-trudeau-transcanada-pipeline?CMP=share_btn_tw.
Kelsey, J. (Ed.). (2010). No ordinary deal: Unmasking the Trans-Pacific partnership free trade agreement. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books.
Kelsey, J. (2013). Hidden agendas: What we need to know about the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA). Wellington: Bridget Williams Books Limited.
Klein, N. (2014). This changes everything: Climate vs. capitalism. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Klein, N., & Barlow, M. (2015, October 15). Stephen Harper’s politics put Canada to shame: Don’t be distracted by them. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/16/stephen-harper-canada-carbon-climate-change.
Levin S. (2016, January 7). ‘Levin statement on transcanada ISDS claim’, ways and means committee democrats. https://democrats-waysandmeans.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/levin-statement-transcanada-isds-claim.
Levy, P. (2017, October 23). Critique of NAFTA provision highlights team Trump’s misconceptions on investment abroad. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillevy/2017/10/23/should-team-trump-encourage-investment-in-mexico/#4fe2dbb170b4.
Light, J. (2016, January 8). Keystone lawsuit illustrates Enviros’ big problem With TPP. Bill Moyers.com. http://bit.ly/1TKLshS.
Lim, C. L., Elms, D., & Low, P. (Eds.). (2012). The Trans-Pacific partnership: A quest for a twenty-first century trade agreement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lone Pine Resources. http://www.lonepineresources.com/.
Lou, E. (2017, March 1), TransCanada’s $15 billion U.S. Keystone XL NAFTA suit suspended. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-pipeline-lawsuit/transcanadas-15-billion-u-s-keystone-xl-nafta-suit-suspended-idUSKBN1671W1.
Lukacs, M. (2018a, February 9). Revealed: Trudeau government welcomed oil lobby help for US pipeline push. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/true-north/2018/feb/09/trudeau-government-welcomed-oil-lobby-help-for-us-pipeline-push-documents.
Lukacs, M. (2018b, April 17). Who’s defending Canada’s national interest? First nations facing down a pipeline. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/true-north/2018/apr/16/whos-defending-canadas-national-interest-first-nations-facing-down-a-pipeline.
May, E. (2013, January 29). Submission: Environmental assessment of Trans-Pacific Partnership Free Trade Agreement, the Green Party of Canada. http://elizabethmaymp.ca/submission-environmental-assessment-tpp.
McDonald, T. (2018, March 8). Asia-Pacific Trade Deal signed by 11 Nations. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-43326314.
Meyer, C. (2017, August 14). How far will Freeland go to get climate change in NAFTA. National Observer. https://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/08/14/news/how-far-will-freeland-go-get-climate-change-nafta.
Monbiot, G. (2013, November 4). A global ban on left-wing politics. The Guardian. http://www.monbiot.com/2013/11/04/a-global-ban-on-left-wing-politics/.
Moody, G. (2013, October 4). Canadian-based company sues Canada under NAFTA, saying that fracking ban takes away its expected profits. TechDirt. https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131004/07500724750/canada-hit-with-another-massive-investor-state-dispute-settlement-demand.shtml.
Moody, G. (2013–2014). The TTIP updates. http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2013/11/ttip-updates-the-glyn-moody-blogs/index.htm.
Page S. (2016, March 9). Environmental advocates tell Congress: Reject the TPP. Climate Progress. http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/03/09/3757348/tpp-opposition-letter-to-congress/.
Patterson, B. (2018, February 7). Big oil pushes for NAFTA, council calls for end to energy proportionality and ISDS provisions. The Council of Canadians. https://canadians.org/blog/big-oil-pushes-nafta-council-calls-end-energy-proportionality-and-isds-provisions.
Pelosi, N. (2015, June 15). Trade promotion authority on its last legs. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/06/15/congress-trade-fast-track-tpa-pelosi-column/71270294/.
Porter, C. (2017, August 14). Canada wants a new NAFTA to include gender and indigenous rights. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/world/americas/canada-wants-a-new-nafta-to-include-gender-and-indigenous-rights.html.
Public Citizen. (2016a, January 6). TransCanada demands $15 billion in NAFTA investor-state tribunal for XL Pipeline rejection (press release). https://www.citizen.org/sites/default/files/nafta-isds-keystonexl-statement.pdf.
Public Citizen. (2016b, September 7). 220 + law and economics professors urge Congress to reject the TPP and other prospective deals that include investor-state dispute settlement. http://www.citizen.org/documents/isds-law-economics-professors-letter-Sept-2016.pdf.
Rabson, M. (2017, August 8). Canada’s hope to get climate change into NAFTA could prove difficult. CBC. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/nafta-climate-change-negotiations-1.4238866.
Rimmer, M. (2016). Greenwashing the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Fossil fuels, the environment, and climate change. Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 14(2), 488–542.
Rimmer, M. (2017). The chilling effect: Investor-state dispute settlement, graphic health warnings, the plain packaging of tobacco products and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Victoria University Law and Justice Journal, 7(1), 76–93.
Rimmer, M. (2018). The Trans-Pacific Partnership and sustainable development: Access to genetic resources, informed consent, and benefit-sharing. In C. Lawson & K. Adhikari (Eds.), Biodiversity, genetic resources and intellectual property: Developments in access and benefit sharing (pp. 151–184). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Ruffalo, M. (2016, April 4). TPP would fuel climate chaos and empower corporate polluters. EcoWatch. https://ecowatch.com/2016/04/04/tpp-fuel-climate-change/.
Sachs, J., Güven, B., & Sachs, L. (2016, July 16). TransCanada lawsuit highlights need to scuttle TPP. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/op-ed-transcanada-lawsuit-highlights-need-scuttle-tpp.
Salter, T. (2015). Investor-state arbitration and domestic environmental protection. Washington University Global Studies Law Review, 14, 131–153.
Sanders, B. (2018, February 2). Progressives call on Trump to fundamentally rewrite NAFTA (press release). https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/progressives-call-on-trump-to-fundamentally-rewrite-nafta and https://www.sanders.senate.gov/download/senate-nafta-letter-to-trump?id=C3E61283-46F3-4004-853A-D497F7539BAA&download=1&inline=file.
Santo, J. (2013, September 25). Lone Pine aims to restructure, raise $100m in bankruptcy, Law 360. http://www.law360.com/articles/475765/lone-pine-aims-to-restructure-raise-100m-in-bankruptcy.
Sierra Club. (2017, November 22). Federal Lawsuit Challenging Keystone XL approval will move forward: Court stops Trump administration from flouting environmental laws (press release). https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2018/01/federal-lawsuit-challenging-keystone-xl-approval-will-move-forward.
Sierra Club and Council of Canadians. (2013, October 2). Lone Pine resources files outrageous NAFTA lawsuit against fracking ban (press release). https://content.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2013/10/lone-pine-resources-files-outrageous-nafta-lawsuit-against-fracking-ban.
Sierra Club, Bold Nebraska, Indigenous Environmental Network, and Friends of the Earth. (2016, March 9). Major environmental, landowner, indigenous groups to congress: Learn from Keystone XL, oppose Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal. Sierra Club. https://content.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2016/03/major-environmental-landowner-indigenous-groups-congress-learn-keystone-xl and letter https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-wysiwig/transcanada-trade-letter.pdf.
Sinclair, S., Trew, S., & Mertins-Kirkwood, H. (Eds.). (2016). The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Canada: A citizen’s guide. Toronto: Lorimer.
Solomon, I. (2013, March 10). No fracking way: How companies sue Canada to get more resources. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/ilana-solomon/lone-pine-sues-canada-over-fracking_b_4032696.html. See also Ilana Solomon of the Sierra Club discussing the Lone Pine dispute and the TPP. http://vimeo.com/79027080.
Stiglitz, J. (2013, November 9). Developing countries are right to resist restrictive trade agreements. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/nov/08/trade-agreements-developing-countries-joseph-stiglitz.
Stiglitz, J. (2014, March 15). On the wrong side of globalization. The New York Times. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/15/on-the-wrong-side-of-globalization/.
Stiglitz, J. (2016, March 28). The TPP’s hidden climate costs. Roosevelt Institute. http://rooseveltinstitute.org/tpps-hidden-climate-costs/.
Swanson, A. (2017, July 17). Trump administration unveils goals in renegotiating NAFTA. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/17/trump-administration-outlines-goals-for-nafta-rewrite/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.36fac89d6208.
Tienhaara, K. (2009). The expropriation of environmental governance: Protecting foreign investors at the expense of public policy. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
Tienhaara, K. (2017). Regulatory chill in a warming world: The threat to climate policy posed by investor-state dispute settlement. Transnational Environmental Law, 1–22.
TPP Legal. (2012, May 8). An open letter from lawyers to the negotiators of the Trans-Pacific Partnership urging the rejection of investor-state dispute settlement. http://tpplegal.wordpress.com/open-letter/.
TransCanada. (2016, January 6). TransCanada commences legal actions following Keystone XL Denial (press release). https://www.transcanada.com/en/announcements/2016-01-06transcanada-commences-legal-actions-following-keystone-xl-denial/.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2014, April). Recent Developments in Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Updated for the Multilateral Dialogue on Investment. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/webdiaepcb2014d3_en.pdfS.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2018). ISDS navigator. http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/ISDS.
The United States Trade Representative. (2015, November 5). Chapter summary of Chapter 9 on investment in the Trans-Pacific Partnership. https://medium.com/the-trans-pacific-partnership/investment-c76dbd892f3a (Post removed after new Trump Administration took charge).
Vadi, V. (2015). Beyond known worlds: Climate change governance by arbitral tribunals. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 48, 1285–1351.
Van Harten, G. (2013). Sovereign choices and sovereign constraints: Judicial restraint in investment treaty arbitration (p. 92). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Harten, G. (2015, September 20). An ISDS carve-out to support action on climate change (Osgoode Hall Law School Legal Studies Research Paper). https://canadians.org/sites/default/files/publications/VanHarten-EN-Mar2016.pdf.
Voon, T. (Ed.). (2013). Trade liberalisation and international co-operation: A legal analysis of the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Warren, E. (2014). A fighting chance. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Warren, E. (2015a, February 25). The Trans-Pacific Partnership clause everyone should oppose. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/kill-the-dispute-settlement-language-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership/2015/02/25/ec7705a2-bd1e-11e4-b274-e5209a3bc9a9_story.html.
Warren, E. (2015b, February 26). The Trans-Pacific Partnership and investor-state dispute settlement. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzfxv2XQoPg.
White House. (2017, January 23). Presidential memorandum regarding withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and agreement. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-regarding-withdrawal-united-states-trans-pacific-partnership-negotiations-agreement/.
WikiLeaks, Secret Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP)—Investment Chapter. https://wikileaks.org/tpp-investment/press.html.
Wilensky, M. (2015). Reconciling international investment law and climate change policy: Potential liability for climate measures under the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Environmental Law Reporter News and Analysis, 45, 10683–98 at 10684.
Wilson, J. (2016, March). Bait-and-switch—The Trans-Pacific Partnership’s promised environmental protections do not deliver. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/bait-and-switch.
Wilt, J. (2016, May 25). Lone Pine, company suing Canada over Quebec’s fracking ban, aggressively lobbying in Ottawa. Desmog Canada. http://www.desmog.ca/2016/05/25/lone-pine-company-suing-canada-quebec-fracking-ban-aggressively-lobbying-ottawa.
Zornick, G. (2014, May 15). Elizabeth Warren reveals inside details on trade talks. The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/blog/179885/elizabeth-warren-reveals-inside-details-trade-talks.
Cases
Canada (Attorney General) v. Clayton. (2018). FC 436 (CanLII). http://canlii.ca/t/hrts9 (Mactavish J.).
Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. The Government of Canada. UNCITRAL. http://www.italaw.com/cases/1606.
Submission of Mexico in Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada. (2017, August 16). https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw9272.pdf.
Submission of the United States of America in Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada. (2017, August 16). https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw9271.pdf.
TransCanada Corporation and TransCanada PipeLines Limited v. The Government of the United States of America, Request for Arbitration. (2016, June 24). https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/259329.pdf.
International Treaties
North American Free Trade Agreement 32 ILM 289, 605. (1993). Entry into force 1 January 1994.
Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, opened for signature 12 December 2015 (entered into force 4 November 2016) (in UNFCCC, Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Twenty-First Session, Addendum, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, 29 January 2016).
The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, http://www.ustr.gov/ttip.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership. (2015). https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacific-partnership/tpp-full-text.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership. http://www.ustr.gov/tpp and https://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/tpp/.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rimmer, M. (2019). The Empire Strikes Back: Fossil Fuel Companies, Investor-State Dispute Settlement, International Trade, and Accountable Climate Governance. In: Edmondson, B., Levy, S. (eds) Transformative Climates and Accountable Governance. Palgrave Studies in Environmental Transformation, Transition and Accountability. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97400-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97400-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97399-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97400-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)