Skip to main content

Counterinsurgency, Empire and Ignorance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ignorance, Power and Harm

Part of the book series: Critical Criminological Perspectives ((CCRP))

  • 920 Accesses

Abstract

Counterinsurgency, as the violence of empire, is directed at the subjugation and compliance of a population. At its core, this involves both the generation of knowledge about that population and the cultural production of militarised ignorance of, about and within a subject people, designed to ‘confound the native’, ‘cover the tracks’ and ‘reassure the self’. This chapter explores four aspects of the relationship between counterinsurgency and agnotology. First, links between race, imperialism and agnotology and the roots of counterinsurgency as the theory and practice of empire’s violence. Second, the ‘organised forgetting’ of imperial wars and counterinsurgency’s past crimes as a means of preserving its appeal in the present and, third, disinformation as knowledge warfare. Finally, using the example of the US military’s Human Terrain System (HTS), the role of social science itself in the cultural production of ignorance in and of counterinsurgency as part of the ‘War on Terror’.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agamben, G. (2005). State of Exception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, A. (2007). Revising the British Army’s Counterinsurgency Doctrine. RUSI Journal, 152(4), 6–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, A. (2010). Britain. In T. Rid & T. Keaney (Eds.), Understanding Counterinsurgency: Doctrine, Operations and Challenges (pp. 28–45). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Anthropological Association Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities (CEAUSSIC). (2009, October 14). Final Report on the Army’s Human Terrain System Proof of Concept Program. Available at: http://s3.amazonaws.com/rdcms-aaa/files/production/public/FileDownloads/pdfs/cmtes/commissions/CEAUSSIC/upload/CEAUSSIC_HTS_Final_Report.pdf

  • Anderson, D. (2006). Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. London: Orion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Associated Press in Baghdad. (2014, December 4). US Troops in Iraq Will Get Immunity from Prosecution, Bolstering Fight with ISIS. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/04/us-troops-in-iraq-will-get-immunity

  • Bennett, H. (2007). The Other Side of COIN: Minimum and Exemplary Force in British Counterinsurgency in Kenya. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 18(4), 638–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, H. (2009). “A Very Salutary Effect”: The Counter-terror Strategy in the Early Malayan Emergency, June 1948–December 1949. Journal of Strategic Studies, 32(3), 415–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, H. (2013). Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-insurgency in the Kenya Emergency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branch, M. (2010). Footprints in the Sand: Colonial Counterinsurgency and the War in Iraq. Politics and Society, 38(1), 15–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breen-Smyth, M. (2014). Theorising the “Suspect Community”: Counterterrorism, Security Practices and the Public Imagination. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 7(2), 223–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. (2008). The New US Army/Marine Crops Counterinsurgency Field Manual as Political Science and Political Praxis. Perspectives on Politics, 6(2), 354–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bulloch, B. G. (1996). Military Doctrine and Counterinsurgency: A British Perspective. Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly, 26(Summer), 4–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, J., & Whyte, D. (2005). Embedded Expertise and the New Terrorism. Journal for Crime, Conflict and the Media, 1(4), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, F. (1979). Official Discourse: Discourse Analysis, Government Publications, Ideology and the State. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callwell, C. E. (1996). Small Wars: Their Principle and Practice (3rd ed.). London: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamayou, G. (2015). Drone Theory. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coalition Provisional Authority. (2003). Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 17: Status of the Coalition, Foreign Liaison Missions, Their Personnel and Contractors. Available at: http://www.usace.army.mil/Portals/2/docs/COALITION_PROVISIONAL.pdf

  • Cobain, I. (2016). The History Thieves: Secrets, Lies and the Shaping of a Modern Nation. London: Portobello Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (2001). States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering. Oxford: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R. (1981). Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 126–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. K., & Cragin, K. (Eds.). (2009). Social Science for Counterterrorism: Putting the Pieces Together. Santa Monica: Rand National Defence Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, P. (2009). ‘Hearts and Minds’? British Counter-insurgency from Malaya to Iraq. Journal of Strategic Studies, 32(3), 353–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, P. (Ed.). (2012). The British Approach to Counterinsurgency: From Malaya and Northern Ireland to Iraq and Afghanistan. London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, M. W. (1986). Empires. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkins, C. (2005). Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1965). Medicine and Colonialism. In F. Fanon (Ed.), A Dying Colonialism (pp. 121–145). New York: Grove Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1967). The Wretched of the Earth. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1986). Black Skin, White Masks. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. London: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galison, P. (2008). Removing Knowledge: The Logic of Modern Censorship. In R. N. Proctor & L. Scheibinger (Eds.), Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (pp. 37–54). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galula, D. (2006a). Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. Westport: Praeger Security International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galula, D. (2006b). Pacification in Algeria, 1956–1958. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, P. (2004). After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture? London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, P. (2005, January 18). Why Harry’s Disoriented About Empire. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/18/britishidentity.monarchy

  • Gilroy, P. (2006). Multiculture in Times of War: An Inaugural Lecture Given at the London School of Economics. Critical Quarterly, 48(4), 27–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González, R. J. (2015, June 29). The Rise and Fall of the Human Terrain System. Counterpunch. Available at: http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/06/29/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-human-terrain-system/

  • Gregory, D. (2011). From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern Warfare. Theory, Culture and Society, 28(7–8), 188–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, D. (2014). Drone Geographies. Radical Philosophy, 183, 7–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunning, J. (2007). A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies. Government and Opposition, 42(3), 363–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herring, E., & Robinson, P. (2014). Deception and Britain’s Road to War in Iraq. International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies, 8(2–3), 213–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, M. (2009). The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39. Journal of Contemporary History, 507, 313–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, M. (2012). Introduction: British Ways of Counter-insurgency. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 23(4–5), 580–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, G. (2014). Intelligence-Gathering, Special Operations and Air Strikes in Modern Counterinsurgency. In P. B. Rich & I. Duyvesteyn (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency (pp. 109–118). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, M. (2015). Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine During the Arab Revolt, 1938–39. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 43(4), 590–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, G. M. (2009). British Counter-insurgency. Journal of Strategic Studies, 32(3), 347–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. M., & Smith, M. L. R. (2013). Myth and the Small War Tradition: Reassessing the Discourse of British Counter-insurgency. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 24(3), 436–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamps, L. (2008, April). Army Brat. Elle Magazine, pp. 309-311–360-62. Available at: http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/dangerroom/files/McfateElle.pdf

  • Khalili, L. (2012). Time in the Shadows: Confinement in Counterinsurgencies. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilcullen, D. (2010). Counterinsurgency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kilcullen, D. (2014). Counterinsurgency: The State of a Controversial Art. In P. B. Rich & I. Duyvesteyn (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency (pp. 128–153). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kipp, J., Grau, L., Prinslow, K., & Smith, D. (2006, September–October 8–15). The Human Terrain System: A CORDS for the 21st Century. Military Review. Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a457490.pdf

  • Kitson, F. (1960). Gangs and Counter-Gangs. London: Barrie & Rockliff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitson, F. (1971). Low Intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency and Peacekeeping. London: Faber & Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitson, F. (1977). Bunch of Five. London: Faber & Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kundnani, A. (2014). The Muslims Are Coming: Islamophobia, Extremism and the Domestic War on Terror. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindqvist, S. (1997). Exterminate All the Brutes. London: Granta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayor, A. (2008). Suppression of Indigenous Fossil Knowledge: From Claverack, New York, 1705 to Agate Springs, Nebraska, 2005. In R. N. Proctor & L. Scheibinger (Eds.), Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (pp. 163–182). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFate, M., & Laurence, J. H. (2015). Introduction: Unveiling the Human Terrain System. In M. McFate & J. H. Laurence (Eds.), Social Science Goes to War: The Human Terrain System in Iraq and Afghanistan (pp. 1–44). London: Hurst & Company.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, M. (2013). Inquiring Into Collusion? Collusion, the State and the Management of Truth Recovery in Northern Ireland. State Crime, 2(1), 4–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, M. (2015). State Violence and the Colonial Roots of Collusion in Northern Ireland. Race and Class., 57(2), 3–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, M. (2016). Informers, Agents and the Liberal Ideology of Collusion in Northern Ireland. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 9(2), 292–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, M. (2017). “See No Evil” Collusion in Northern Ireland. Race and Class, 58(3), 46–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMaster, H. R. (2008). On War: Lessons to be Learned. Survival, 50(1), 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McSorley, K. (2012). War and the Body. In K. McSorley (Ed.), War and the Body: Militarisation, Practice and Experience (pp. 1–32). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Memmi, A. (1990). The Colonizer and the Colonized. London: Earthscan Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, D. (2008). Manufacturing Uncertainty: Contested Science and the Protection of the Public’s Health and Environment. In R. N. Proctor & L. Scheibinger (Eds.), Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (pp. 90–107). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mockaitis, T. R. (1990). British Counterinsurgency, 1919–60. London: Palgrave.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D. J. (2007). The Big Suck: Notes from the Jarhead Underground. Virginia Quarterly Review (Winter). Available at: http://www.vqronline.org/dispatch/big-suck-notes-jarhead-underground

  • Nagl, L. C. J. A. (2006). Foreword. In D. Galula (Ed.), Counterinsurgency: Theory and Practice. Westport: Praeger Security International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newsinger, J. (1990). A Counter-insurgency Tale: Kitson in Kenya. Race & Class, 31(4), 61–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newsinger, J. (2002). British Counter-insurgency: From Palestine to Northern Ireland. London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, P. (2015). Economy of Force: Counterinsurgency and the Historical Rise of the Social. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Petraeus, G. D. H. (2015). Foreword. In M. McFate & J. H. Laurence (Eds.), Social Science Goes to War: The Human Terrain System in Iraq and Afghanistan (pp. vii–vxi). London: Hurst & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pred, A. (2007). Situated Ignorance and State Terrorism: Silences, W.M.D., Collective Amnesia and the Manufacture of Fear. In D. Gregory & A. Pred (Eds.), Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence (pp. 363–384). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. (2011). Weaponizing Anthropology: Social Science in the Service of the Militarised State. London: Counterpunch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, R. N. (2008). Agnotology: A Missing Term to Describe the Cultural Production of Ignorance (and Its Study). In R. N. Proctor & L. Scheibinger (Eds.), Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (pp. 1–36). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, P. B., & Duyvesteyn, I. (2014). The Study of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency. In P. B. Rich & I. Duyvesteyn (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency (pp. 1–20). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, E. (1985). Orientalism Reconsidered. Cultural Critique, 1, 89–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Said, E. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. London: Chatto & Windus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarry, E. (1987). The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiebinger, L. (2008). West Indian Abortifacients and the Making of Ignorance. In R. N. Proctor & L. Scheibinger (Eds.), Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (pp. 149–162). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New York: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, J. A. (1999). Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, S., & Tuana, N. (2007a). Introduction. In S. Sullivan & N. Tuana (Eds.), Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance (pp. 1–10). Albany: State University of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, S., & Tuana, N. (Eds.). (2007b). Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svirsky, M., & Bignall, S. (Eds.). (2012). Agamben and Colonialism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. (1966). Defeating Communist Insurgency: Experiences in Malaya and Vietnam. London: Chatto & Windus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuana, N. (2008). Coming to Understand: Orgasm and the Epistemology of Ignorance. In R. N. Proctor & L. Scheibinger (Eds.), Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (pp. 108–147). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Army. (2005). Psychological Operations: Field Manual No. 3-05.30. Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Army. Available at: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-05-30.pdf

  • United States Army. (2006). Counterinsurgency: Field Manual No. 3–24. Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Army. Available at: http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/Repository/Materials/COIN-FM3-24.pdf

  • Young, R. (1990). White Mythologies: Writing History and the West. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark McGovern .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

McGovern, M. (2018). Counterinsurgency, Empire and Ignorance. In: Barton, A., Davis, H. (eds) Ignorance, Power and Harm. Critical Criminological Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97343-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97343-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97342-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97343-2

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics