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Digitally Mediated Memory and the Spanish Civil War

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Public Humanities and the Spanish Civil War

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict ((PSCHC))

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Abstract

Spence provides a much-needed overview of the ways in which digital mediation influences both the emerging field of Memory Studies, and its object of study, memory formation. Using the Spanish Civil War as a case study, and drawing on disparate areas of digital theory and practice, the author explores how the study of contested memory is transformed in new media landscapes. Spence contrasts different digitally informed methodological approaches, and explores challenges in integrating these into a consolidated research toolkit connecting the work of archivists, historians, media theorists and researchers from Memory Studies and the Digital Humanities.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Andrew Hoskins, “Anachronisms of Media, Anachronisms of Memory: From Collective Memory to a New Memory Ecology,” in On Media Memory: Collective Memory in a New Media Age, ed. Motti Neiger et al. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: AIAA, 2011), 278–88.

  2. 2.

    Hoskins, “Anachronisms of Media,” 279.

  3. 3.

    Anna Reading, “The London Bombings : Mobile Witnessing, Mortal Bodies and Globital Time,” Memory Studies 4, no. 3 (2011), 298–311.

  4. 4.

    Thomas Haigh, “We Have Never Been Digital,” Communications of the ACM [online] 57, no. 9 (2014), 24–28.

  5. 5.

    Vannevar Bush, “As We May Think,” The Atlantic (July, 1945), http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/.

  6. 6.

    Annalee Newitz, “Facebook fires human editors, algorithm immediately posts fake news,” 30 August 2016, Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/business/2016/08/facebook-fires-human-editors-algorithm-immediately-posts-fake-news/.

  7. 7.

    José van Dijck, Mediated Memories in the Digital Age (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press , 2007), 28.

  8. 8.

    Haigh, “We Have Never Been Digital.”

  9. 9.

    Anna Reading, Gender and Memory in the Globital Age (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 50–51.

  10. 10.

    van Dijck, Mediated Memories in the Digital Age, 42.

  11. 11.

    Anne Beaulieu et al., “Authority and Expertise in New Sites of Knowledge Production,” in Virtual Knowledge: Experimenting in the Humanities and the Social Sciences , ed. Paul Wouters et al. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press , 2012), 25–56.

  12. 12.

    Alan Liu, Theses on the Epistemology of the Digital: Advice for the Cambridge Centre for Digital Knowledge (2014).

  13. 13.

    Todd Presner, “Critical Theory and the Mangle of Digital Humanities ,” in Between Humanities and the Digital, ed. Patrik Svensson and David Theo Goldberg (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press , 2015), 55–68 (65).

  14. 14.

    Joanne Garde-Hansen et al., Save As… Digital Memories (Basingstoke; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 9.

  15. 15.

    Andrew Hoskins, “Media, Memory, Metaphor: Remembering and the Connective Turn,” Parallax 17, no. 4 (2011), 19–31.

  16. 16.

    David Bearman, “Archival Strategies,” The American Archivist 58, no. 4 (1995), 380–413; Simon Tanner, “Managing Containers, Content and Context in Digital Preservation : Towards a 2020 Vision,” Archiving 2006, 19–23.

  17. 17.

    Anne Burdick et al., Digital Humanities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press , 2012), 39, https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/digitalhumanities.

  18. 18.

    Burdick et al., 48.

  19. 19.

    Pierre Lévy, The Semantic Sphere: Computation, Cognition and Information Economy (London: ISTE, 2011).

  20. 20.

    The analysis here in no way attempts to evaluate each memory institution in terms of the quality of its holdings; the purpose of this exercise is merely to explore engagement with digitally mediated practice.

  21. 21.

    “Reivindicaciones de la ARMH” (Point 6), Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica, http://memoriahistorica.org.es/que-es-la-asociacion-para-la-recuperacion-de-la-memoria-historica-armh-2000-2012/.

  22. 22.

    Portal de Víctimas de la Guerra Civil y Represaliados del Franquismo, el Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, http://pares.mcu.es/victimasGCFPortal/staticContent.form?viewName=presentacion.

  23. 23.

    Yad Vashem: The World Holocaust Remembrance Center‚ http://yvng.yadvashem.org/.

  24. 24.

    Portal de Archivos Españoles, or PARES‚ http://pares.mcu.es/.

  25. 25.

    “Reasons to share your data on Europeana Collections‚” Europeana Pro‚ 21 August 2017‚ http://pro.europeana.eu/share-your-data/become-a-data-provider.

  26. 26.

    Search results for “Spanish Civil War‚” Europeana Collections‚ http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=spanish+civil+war.

  27. 27.

    Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona‚ Ajuntament de Barcelona‚ http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/arxiumunicipal/arxiuhistoric/ca and http://w151.bcn.cat/opac/search?q=*:*&fq=mssearch_hierarchy01&fv=AFB3-113+CNT-FAI%2C+19+julio+1936-Espa%C3%B1a.

  28. 28.

    See, for example, the “Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War Through the Eyes of Organised Labour” collection: University of Warwick‚ http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/landingpage/collection/scw.

  29. 29.

    The National Archives (UK)‚ http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/.

  30. 30.

    “First World War 100‚” The National Archives UK‚ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/.

  31. 31.

    “The build-up to war‚” The Cabinet Papers‚ The National Archives (UK)‚ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/build-up-to-war.htm#Spanish%20Civil%20War.

  32. 32.

    Tim Hitchcock, “Confronting the Digital: Or How Academic History Writing Lost the Plot,” Cultural and Social History 10, no. 1 (2013), 9–23.

  33. 33.

    Tim Hitchcock‚ “Academic History Writing and Its Disconnects‚” Journal of Digital Humanities 1, no. 1 Winter (2011), http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org/1-1/academic-history-writing-and-its-disconnects-by-tim-hitchcock/.

  34. 34.

    Hitchcock, “Confronting the Digital,” 14.

  35. 35.

    Hitchcock, “Confronting the Digital,” 18.

  36. 36.

    Sheila Anderson, “What Are Research Infrastructures?” International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 7, no. 1–2 (2013), 4–23.

  37. 37.

    “History Flushed: The digital age promised vast libraries‚ but they remain incomplete‚” The Economist‚ 28 April 2012‚ http://www.economist.com/node/21553410.

  38. 38.

    Patrik Svensson, “The Humanistiscope: Exploring the Situatedness of Humanities Infrastructure,” in Between Humanities and the Digital, ed. Patrik Svensson and David Theo Goldberg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press , 2015), 337–54.

  39. 39.

    Memoria gencat.cat‚ Generalitat de Catalunya‚ http://memorialdemocratic.gencat.cat/ca/.

  40. 40.

    Memorias en Red Asociación Internacional de Estudios de la Memoria‚ http://memoriasenred.es/.

  41. 41.

    Memoria Abierta‚ http://www.memoriaabierta.org.ar/wp/.

  42. 42.

    Red de Sitios de Memoria Latinoamericanos y Caribeños‚ Coalición Internacional de Sitios de Conciencia‚ https://redlatinoamericanadesitiosdememoria.wordpress.com/coalicion-internacional-de-sitios-de-conciencia/.

  43. 43.

    Sheila Anderson, and Tobias Blanke, “Infrastructure as Intermeditation: From Archives to Research Infrastructures,” Journal of Documentation 71, no. 6 (2015), 1183–202.

  44. 44.

    Tobias Blanke et al., “Deploying General-Purpose Virtual Research Environments for Humanities Research,” Philosophical Transactions A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368 (2010), 3813–28.

  45. 45.

    Tobias Blanke, and Conny Kristel, “Integrating Holocaust Research,” Journal of Humanities & Arts Computing: A Journal of Digital Humanities 7, no. 1–2 (2013), 41–57.

  46. 46.

    “EHRI has 23 partners from 17 countries, representing archives, libraries, museums and research institutions. The project also relies on a large network of associated partners;” see European Holocaust Research Infrastructure‚ http://ehri-project.eu/.

  47. 47.

    Anderson, and Blanke, “Infrastructure as Intermeditation.”

  48. 48.

    “European Holocaust Research Infrastructure‚” Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS)‚ http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/194942_en.html.

  49. 49.

    John Unsworth, “Scholarly Primitives : What Methods Do Humanities Researchers Have in Common, and How Might Our Tools Reflect This?” (2000), http://www.people.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html.

  50. 50.

    Anderson, and Blanke, “Infrastructure as Intermeditation.”

  51. 51.

    Anderson, and Blanke, “Infrastructure as Intermeditation,” 1194–95.

  52. 52.

    Matilde Eiroa, “La Guerra Civil Española en la actualidad cibermediática,” Studia Historica: Historia Contemporánea 32 (2014), 357–69.

  53. 53.

    HISMEDI: Historia y Memoria Digital‚ Universidad Carlos III de Madrid‚ http://uc3m.libguides.com/hismedi and http://hismedi.evilinhd.com/om/.

  54. 54.

    Jussi Parikka, What is Media Archaeology? (Cambridge: Polity Press , 2012).

  55. 55.

    David Berry (ed.), Understanding Digital Humanities (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 15.

  56. 56.

    Anna Reading, Gender and Memory in the Globital Age (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 50–58.

  57. 57.

    Jussi Parikka, “Archives in Media Theory: Material Media Archaeology and Digital Humanities ,” in Understanding Digital Humanities , ed. David Berry (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 85–104.

  58. 58.

    Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge: And the Discourse on Language (Princeton, NJ: Vintage, 1982).

  59. 59.

    Memorias de la Guerra Civil Española‚ 10 August 2013‚ http://memoriasdelaguerracivil.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/INICIO.

  60. 60.

    Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica‚ http://memoriahistorica.org.es/.

  61. 61.

    “Tell us your story‚” e-xiliad@s‚ http://exiliadosrepublicanos.info/.

  62. 62.

    Pierre Nora, “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire,” Representations 26 (1989), 7–24.

  63. 63.

    Mikel Erraskin Agirrezabala, and Rosa Martínez Rodríguez, “Realms of Memory and the Recovery of the Historical Memory of the Spanish Civil War and Franco’s Dictatorship (1936–2012),” in Challenging History in the Museum : International Perspectives, ed. Jenny Kidd et al. (Farnham, Surrey, England; Burlington, VT: Routledge, 2014), 152.

  64. 64.

    Erraskin Agirrezabala, and Martínez Rodríguez, “Realms of Memory,” 155.

  65. 65.

    Todos (…) los nombres_‚ Confederación General del Trabajo de Andalucía (CGT.A)‚ http://www.todoslosnombres.org/.

  66. 66.

    Nomes e Voces (“Names and Voices” research project)‚

    http://vitimas.nomesevoces.net/en/.

  67. 67.

    See Jo Guldi, “What is the Spatial Turn?” Spatial Humanities (2011), http://spatial.scholarslab.org/spatial-turn/what-is-the-spatial-turn/.

  68. 68.

    Frank Zephyr, “Spatial History as Scholarly Practice,” in Between Humanities and the Digital, ed. Patrik Svensson and David Theo Goldberg (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press , 2015), 411–28.

  69. 69.

    Stuart Dunn‚ “Praxes of ‘The Human’ and ‘The Digital’: Spatial Humanities and the Digitization of Place‚” GeoHumanities 3‚ no. 1‚ 88–107.

  70. 70.

    Mapa de la memoria‚ Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica‚ http://memoriahistorica.org.es/mapa-de-la-verguenza/.

  71. 71.

    Internet Archive‚ WaybackMachine‚ http://web.archive.org/web/20160426234552. Base de datos de vítimas‚ Nomes e Voces‚ http://www.nomesevoces.net/gl/mapas.

  72. 72.

    Mapeo de la Memoria, http://mapeo.memorialparalaconcordia.org/.

  73. 73.

    Mapeo de la Memoria‚ http://mapeo.memorialparalaconcordia.org/.

  74. 74.

    Berry, Understanding Digital Humanities , 8.

  75. 75.

    Lévy, The Semantic Sphere, 1.

  76. 76.

    Lidia Bocanegra Barbecho, and Maurizio Toscano, “The Spanish Republican Exile: Identity , Belonging and Memory in the Digital World,” in Cultural Heritage in a Changing World, ed. Karol Jan Borowiecki et al. (n.p.: Springer International Publishing, 2016), 237–53.

  77. 77.

    Bocanegra Barbecho, and Toscano, “The Spanish Republican Exile,” in Borowiecki et al., Cultural Heritage in a Changing World, 251.

  78. 78.

    Miriyam Aouragh‚ “Confined Offline: Traversing Online Palestinian Mobility Through the Prism of the Internet ,” Mobilities 6, no. 3 (2011), 375–97.

  79. 79.

    Jan Assmann, “Collective Memory and Cultural Identity ,” New German Critique 65 (1995), 125–33.

  80. 80.

    Natalie Underberg, and Elayne Zorn, Digital Ethnography : Anthropology, Narrative, and New Media (Austin: University of Texas Press , 2014).

  81. 81.

    “El Proyecto‚” Todos (...) los nombres_‚ Confederación General del Trabajo de Andalucía (CGT.A)‚ http://www.todoslosnombres.org/el-proyecto.

  82. 82.

    Andreas Huyssen, Present Pasts: Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press , 2003), 26.

  83. 83.

    Jill Lepore, “Can the Internet Be Archived?” New Yorker, 26 January 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/cobweb.

  84. 84.

    Baio‚ Andy‚ “Never trust a corporation to do a library’s job‚” The Message‚ 29 January 2015‚ https://medium.com/message/never-trust-a-corporation-to-do-a-librarys-job-f58db4673351.

  85. 85.

    British History Sources‚ 1500–1900‚ Connected Histories‚ http://www.connectedhistories.org/.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. King’s College London, London, UK

    Paul Spence

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  1. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Alison Ribeiro de Menezes

  2. Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada

    Antonio Cazorla-Sánchez

  3. York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Adrian Shubert

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Spence, P. (2018). Digitally Mediated Memory and the Spanish Civil War. In: Ribeiro de Menezes, A., Cazorla-Sánchez, A., Shubert, A. (eds) Public Humanities and the Spanish Civil War. Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97274-9_9

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