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Sites Without Memory and Memory Without Sites: On the Failure of the Public History of the Spanish Civil War

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Book cover Public Humanities and the Spanish Civil War

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict ((PSCHC))

Abstract

This chapter explores the shortcomings of public history in Spain regarding the Spanish Civil War and the Franco dictatorship. Despite efforts and accomplishments, largely driven by civil society, Spain continues to have too many sites without memory of its recent violent past. Second, there are also too many memories which have no place in which to be firmly grounded and usefully transmitted to society. The current situation is one of islands of Public History which hardly collaborate with each other and which have been unable to capture the imagination of Spanish society. It argues that, in the absence of more robust action from the central government, Digital Public History, and specifically a Virtual Museum of the Spanish Civil War, is the most promising approach.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Paloma Aguilar Fernández , Memoria y olvido de la Guerra Civil española (Madrid : Alianza, 1996); English-language edition, Memory and Amnesia: The Role of the Spanish Civil War in the Transition to Democracy , trans. Mark Oakley (New York: Berghan, 2002).

  2. 2.

    Paloma Aguilar, and Francisco Ferrándiz, “Memoria, Media and Spectacle: Interviú’s Portrayal of Civil War Exhumations in the Early Years of Spanish Democracy ,” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 17, no. 1 (2016), 1–25.

  3. 3.

    Santos Juliá , Víctimas de la guerra civil (Madrid : Temas de Hoy, 1999); Memoria de la guerra y del franquismo (Madrid : Taurus, 2006); Michael Richards, “From War Culture to Civil Society: Francoism, Social Change and Memories of the Spanish Civil War ,” History and Memory 14 (2002), 93–120; Paloma Aguilar, and Carsten Humlebæk, “Collective Memory and National Identity in the Spanish Democracy : The Legacies of Francoism and the Civil War ,” History and Memory 14 (2002), 121–64; Angela Cenarro, “Memory beyond the Public Sphere: The Francoist Repression Remembered in Aragon ,” History and Memory 14 (2002), 166–88; Sebastiaan Faber, “Entre el respeto y la crítica: Reflexiones sobre la memoria histórica en España,” Migraciones y Exilios 5 (2004), 37–50; Francisco Ferrandiz, “The Return of Civil War Ghosts: The Ethnography of Exhumations in Contemporary Spain ,” Anthropology Today (June 2006), 7–12; “Exhumaciones y políticas de la memoria en la España contemporánea,” Hispania Nova (2007), http://hispanianova.rediris.es/7/dossier/07d003.pdf; Pedro Ruiz Torres, “Los discursos de la memoria histórica en España,” Hispania Nova (2007), http://hispanianova.rediris.es/7/dossier/07d001.pdf; Jo Labanyi, “The Politics of Memory in Contemporary Spain ,” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 9, no. 2 (2008), 157–75; José M. González, “Spanish Literature and the Recovery of Historical Memory,” European Review 17, no. 1 (2009), 177–85; Jo Labanyi, “The Languages of Silence: Historical Memory, Generational Transmission and Witnessing in Contemporary Spain ,” Journal of Romance Studies 3 (2009), 23–35; Ricard Vinyes, ed. El Estado y la memoria : Gobiernos y ciudadanos frente a los traumas de la historia (Barcelona: RBA Libros, 2009); Carlos Jerez-Farran, and Samuel Amago, eds., Unearthing Franco’s Legacy : Mass Graves and the Recovery of Historical Memory in Spain (Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press , 2010).

  4. 4.

    For a critique of the confusion around the term memory, see Noa Gedi, and Yigal Elam, “Collective Memory—What Is It?” History and Memory 8, no. 1 (1996), 30–50.

  5. 5.

    For a fine summary, see Paloma Aguilar, and Clara Ramírez-Barat, “Reparations without Truth or Justice in the Spanish Case,” in Transitional Justice after War and Dictatorship: Learning from European Experiences (1945–2013), ed. Nico Wouters (Antwerp and Oxford: Intersentia, 2014, 199–252).

  6. 6.

    The full name is the “Ley por la que se reconocen y amplían derechos y se establecen medidas en favor de quienes padecieron persecución o violencia durante la guerra civil y la dictadura.”

  7. 7.

    For example, in December 2014, Rafael Hernando, the Popular Party’s main spokesperson in the Congress and party whip, said on television that the victims’ relatives “only remember [victims] when there are subsidies to be had.” El Mundo, 23 December 2014.

  8. 8.

    Antonio Cazorla-Sánchez, “Revisiting the Legacy of the Spanish Civil War ,” International Journal of Iberian Studies 21, no. 3 (2008), 231–46.

  9. 9.

    For an introduction to what it meant to be a victim of the Holocaust before and after this became a widely acceptable narrative, see Peter Lagrou, “Victims of Genocide and National Memory: Belgium, France and the Netherlands , 1945–1965,” Past and Present 54 (1997), 181–222.

  10. 10.

    Antonio Cazorla-Sánchez, “From Anti-Fascism to Humanism: The Spanish Civil War as a Crisis of Memory,” in Memory and Cultural History of the Spanish Civil War : Realm of Oblivion , ed. Aurora G. Morcillo (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014), 21–50; Francisco Ferrándiz, and Antonius C.G.M. Robben, eds., Necropolitics : Mass Graves and Exhumations in the Age of Human Rights (Phildelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press , 2015); Francisco Ferrándiz, El pasado bajo tierra: Exhumaciones contemporáneas de la guerra civil (Madrid : Anthropos, 2014).

  11. 11.

    Alfredo González-Ruibal , Volver a las trincheras: Una arqueología de la Guerra Civil española (Madrid : Alianza, 2016), 142–44.

  12. 12.

    González-Ruibal, Volver a las trincheras, 144.

  13. 13.

    Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Estudio 2760 (Abril 2008), Memoria de la Guerra Civil y el franquismo (Madrid : CIS, 2008).

  14. 14.

    Reyes Rincón, El Supremo rechaza la petición de Garzón sobre el Valle de los Caídos,” El País, 1 March 2017, http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/02/28/actualidad/1488272286_301542.html.

  15. 15.

    “El Congreso aprueba sacar los restos de Franco del Valle de los Caídos,” Huffington Post, 11 May 2017, http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/05/11/el-congreso-insta-al-gobierno-a-exhumar-el-cuerpo-de-franco-del_a_22081257/.

  16. 16.

    “Benedictine Abbey of the Holy Cross of the Valley of the Fallen,” Patrimonio Nacional, http://www.patrimonionacional.es/real-sitio/monasterios/6258.

  17. 17.

    Since France has always been the reference point and goal of our Iberian Jacobins, the interested reader will find no better place to start than Henri Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991) .

  18. 18.

    Antonio Cazorla-Sánchez, “Las Historias que no escribimos: Una reflexión,” in El Franquismo desde los márgenes, ed. Oscar Rodríguez Barreira (Lleida: Universitat de Lleida and Universidad de Almería , 2013), 45–56.

  19. 19.

    Many North American, particularly United States, universities have degree programmes in Public History, most often at Masters level. The programme at Western University in London, Ontario defines it as “how history is understood by and communicated to the public, whether at museums, archives , historical sites and national parks, in films , fiction, or on the web, in policy making, historical consulting, and in academic teaching and research”: “MA in Public History,” Department of History, Western University, http://history.uwo.ca/public_history/.

  20. 20.

    “Information,” Gernika Peace Museum Foundation, http://www.museodelapaz.org.

  21. 21.

    “Portada,” Centrol Documental de la Memoria Histórica, http://www.mecd.gob.es/cultura/areas/archivos/mc/archivos/cdmh/portada.html.

  22. 22.

    Museo del Ejército, Ministerio de Defensa de España, http://www.museo.ejercito.es/en/.

  23. 23.

    Fray Justo Pérez de Urbel, El Monumento de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos (Madrid : Instituto de Estudios Madrileños, 1959), 5–7.

  24. 24.

    For more on the myth of the Alcázar and other myths of the Civil War , see Alberto Reig Tapia, Memoria de la Guerra Civil. Los mitos de la tribu (Madrid : Alianza Editorial, 1999).

  25. 25.

    During the dictatorship, Spanish school children were taught that Moscardó’s gesture was similar to and a continuation of that of the governor of Tarifa, Guzmán el Bueno, in 1296, who supposedly also refused to save his son by handing the city over to the “Moors.” The comments of General Antonio Rajo Moreno, who took over as Director of the museum in February 2017, are interesting in this regard. He called the Alcázar a “crib of heroes”: “heroes,” ABC, 17 November 2017.

  26. 26.

    “History of Spanish Navy,” Armada Española, http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/ciencia_organo/prefLang_es/01_ciencia_museo.

  27. 27.

    We visited the museum in June and December 2016. The massacre horrified contemporaries. The Canadian doctor Norman Bethune, who treated the refugees, immortalized it in the pamphlet, The Crime on the Road Malaga-Almeria: Narrative with Graphic Documents Revealing Fascist Cruelty (SL: Publicaciones Iberia, 1937), which included photographs taken by members of his team.

  28. 28.

    It also generates 2 million Euros of revenue for the state : “Cada vez más visitantes al Valle de los Caídos,” ABC, 4 January 2016, http://www.abc.es/espana/madrid/abci-cada-mas-visitantes-valle-caidos-201601042222_noticia.html.

  29. 29.

    “Memòria,” Generalitat de Catalunya, http://memoria.gencat.cat/ca/inici.

  30. 30.

    “Memoria democrática,” Junta de Andalucía, https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/temas/cultura-ocio/andalucia/historia-tradiciones/memoria-historica.html.

  31. 31.

    “Información,” Centro Expositivo Fayón, Ebro 1938 La Batalla, http://www.labatalladelebro.com/museo/informacion-museo/.

  32. 32.

    M.J. Alvarez, “Un gran museo de la Guerra Civil en la puerta trasera de un mesón,” 22 June 2014, ABC Madrid, http://www.abc.es/madrid/20140622/abcp-gran-museo-guerra-civil-20140621.html.

  33. 33.

    V.X.C. Valencia, S.G. Dénia, M.A. Sagunt, “Proyectos faraónicos, ostentosos e imposibles,” 2 October 2011, Levante-EMV, https://www.levante-emv.com/comunitat-valenciana/2011/10/02/proyectos-faraonicos-ostentosos-e-imposibles/844541.html.

  34. 34.

    FCO. Pelayo, “El despilfarro español: diez proyectos con dinero público repletos de sobrecostes,” 15 April 2013, 20 minutos, https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1755390/0/despilfarro-espanol/proyectos-publicos/sobrecostes/.

  35. 35.

    Cristina Vázquez, “El gobiero valenciano exhumará las fosas comunes de la Guerra Civil,” El País, 11 November 2016, http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2016/11/11/valencia/1478866881_335930.html.

  36. 36.

    A proposal to create an information center at the Valley of the Fallen , launched by the Basque Nationalist party (PNV), was rejected by the Popular Party’s controlled Senate in April 2017. See “El Senado rechaza convertir el Valle de los Caídos en un centro de interpretación de la Guerra Civil,” Eldiario.es, 3 April 2017, http://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/Senado-Valle-Caidos-Guerra-Civil_0_629237810.html.

  37. 37.

    Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, http://www.70.auschwitz.org.

  38. 38.

    “Gettysberg: A new birth of freedom,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/gett/index.htm.

  39. 39.

    American Battlefield Trust (website), https://www.battlefields.org/.

  40. 40.

    Espais de la Batalla de l’Ebre Consorci Memorial dels Espais de la batalla de l’Ebre, http://www.batallaebre.org.

  41. 41.

    Dan Eggen, “In Williamsburg, the Painful Reality of Slavery,” Washington Post, 7 July 1999, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/july99/williamsburg7.htm; David Amsden, “Building the First Slavery Museum in America,” New York Times Magazine, 26 February 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/magazine/building-the-first-slave-museum-in-america.html. See also “Why America Needs a Slavery Museum ,” video by The Atlantic, 25 August 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/402172/the-only-american-museum-about-slavery/. See, Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture, Smithsonian Institution, https://nmaahc.si.edu/.

  42. 42.

    “Battle over Confederate Flag Unravels across the South,” Huffington Post, 23 June 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/23/battle-over-confederate-f_n_7649710.html; Jeff Wilkinson, “Why Does the Confederate Flag Hurt the SC Confederate Relic Room?,” The State , 18 February 2017, http://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/article133636504.html; Brian Hicks, “South Carolina’s Pro-Confederate Flag Secessionists Lost, and Now They Need to Get over It,” The Post and Courier, 19 February 2017, http://www.postandcourier.com/columnists/hicks-column-south-carolina-s-pro-confederate-flag-secessionists-lost/article_ae4a1948-f527-11e6-8c55-b39d09be2f51.html.

  43. 43.

    James McAuley, “France Confronts Slavery, a Demon of It’s Past,” The Washington Post, 28 May 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/france-confronts-slavery-a-demon-of-its-past/2016/05/28/0bf61b3e-2128-11e6-b944-52f7b1793dae_story.html; Stefan Simons, “French City Confronts Its Brutal Past,” Spiegel Online, 24 April 2012, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/nantes-opens-memorial-to-slave-trade-a-829447.html. See also National Museums Liverpool, http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/index.aspx.

  44. 44.

    George Mosse, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (New York: Oxford University Press , 1990); Susan Suleiman, Crisis of Memory and the Second World War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press , 2006); Nathan Bracher, “Remembering the French Resistance : Ethics and Poetics of the Epic,” History & Memory 19, no. 1 (2007), 39–67. An overall, if slightly dated, vision is offered in Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan, War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press , 1999).

  45. 45.

    James E. Young, At Memory Edge: After-Images of the Holocaust in Contemporary Art and Architecture (New Heaven and London: Yale University Press , 2000).

  46. 46.

    For the story of the Holocaust memorial see, James E. Young, “Germany’s Holocaust Memorial Problem-and Mine,” The Public Historian 24, no. 4 (2002), 65–80. For the Berlin museums, see Museum of Jewish Heritage, http://www.mjhnyc.org/. For the camps, see “Concentration Camps: Visitors Information,” Jewish Virtual Library, American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/visiting-the-concentration-camps. In 2010, the German Historical Museum even held an exhibition called Hitler and the Germans: Nation and Crime, which drew huge crowds: Deutsches Historisches Museum, http://www.dhm.de/archiv/ausstellungen/hitler-und-die-deutschen/en/ausstellung.html.

  47. 47.

    Madge Dresser, “Politics, Populism, and Professionalism: Reflections on the Role of the Academic Historian in the Production of Public History,” The Public Historian 32, no. 3 (2010), 39–63; Mary Stevens, “Public Policy and the Public Historian: The Changing Place of Historians in Public Life in France and the UK,” The Public Historian 32, no. 3 (2010), 120–38.

  48. 48.

    Anne Lindsay, “Virtual Tourist: Embracing Our Audience through Public History Web Experience ,” The Public Historian 35, no. 1 (February 2013), 67–86.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada

    Antonio Cazorla-Sánchez

  2. York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Adrian Shubert

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  1. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Alison Ribeiro de Menezes

  2. Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada

    Antonio Cazorla-Sánchez

  3. York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Adrian Shubert

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Cazorla-Sánchez, A., Shubert, A. (2018). Sites Without Memory and Memory Without Sites: On the Failure of the Public History of the Spanish Civil War. In: Ribeiro de Menezes, A., Cazorla-Sánchez, A., Shubert, A. (eds) Public Humanities and the Spanish Civil War. Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97274-9_2

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