Skip to main content

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 609 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, we set out the agenda and basic ideas underlying the book. The chapter introduces the reader to the importance of exploring issues of extreme sports, extreme bodies, gender and identities in contemporary society. The aim of the study and the central research questions are also presented here. Methodologically, the book rests on three separate but interconnected research projects and case studies focusing on extreme sports and athletes (bodybuilding, the Ironman triathlon and mixed martial arts). In the chapter, we briefly explain the empirical material used and develop our line of argument regarding terminology and how we define and view the meaning of extreme sports. The purpose of the introductory chapter is to initiate a discussion that will make it possible to explore both the phenomenology of the body and the social body in the selected sports, a discussion that will continue throughout the book.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andreasson, J., & Johansson, T. (2014). The Global Gym: Gender, Health and Pedagogies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, G., Sudwell, M., & Sparkes, A. (2005). Towards a geography of fitness: An ethnographic case study of the gym in British bodybuilding culture. Social Science and Medicine,60(4), 877–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arvanitis, J. (2003). Pankration: The Traditional Greek Combat Sport and Modern Martial Art. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borden, I. (2001). Skateboarding, Space and the City: Architecture and the Body. London: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, G. (2017). Reframing the ‘violence’ of mixed martial arts: The ‘art’ of the fight. Poetics,62(2017), 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brevik, G. (2010). Trends in adventure sports in a post-modern society. Sport in Society,13(2), 260–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brymer, E., & Oades, L. G. (2009). Extreme sports: A positive transformation in courage and humility. Journal of Humanistic Psychology,49(1), 114–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budd, M. A. (1997). The Sculpture Machine: Physical Culture and Body Politics in the Age of Empire. London: Macmillan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buse, G. J. (2006). No holds barred sport fighting: A 10-year review of mixed martial arts competitions. British Journal of Sports Medicine,40(2), 169–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheever, N. (2009). The uses and gratifications of viewing mixed martial arts. Journal of Sports Media,4(1), 25–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debord, G. (1967/1995). The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denham, B. E. (2008). Masculinities in hardcore bodybuilding. Men and Masculinities,11(2), 234–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doeg, A. (2013). Outside the Cage: The Campaign to Destroy Mixed Martial Arts. Orlando: University of Central Florida Orlando.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, M. (2006). Studying extreme sports: Beyond the core participants. Journal of Sport & Social Issues,30(2), 219–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, N. (1939/1982). The Civilizing Process: State Formation and Civilization. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and Punish. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaines, C., & Butler, G. (1974). Pumping Iron: The Art and Sport of Bodybuilding. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, R. S., & Malcolm, D. (2010). Decivilizing, civilizing or informalizing? The international development of mixed martial arts. International Review for the Sociology of Sports,45(1), 39–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, R. S., & Spencer, D. C. (2013). Fighting Scholars: Habitus and Ethnographies of Martial Arts and Combat Sports. London: Anthem Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gentry, C. (2011). No Holds Barred: The Complete History of Mixed Martial Arts in America. Chicago, IL: Triumph Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hambrick, M. E., Simmons, J. M., & Mahoney, T. Q. (2013). An inquiry into the perceptions of leisure-work-family conflict among female Ironman participants. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing,13(3–4), 173–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haug, F., et al. (Eds.). (1992). Female Sexualization. A Collective Work of Memory. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, J. (2003). Drawing lines: A report from the extreme world. In R. Rinehart & S. Sydor (Eds.), To the Extreme: Alternative Sports, Inside and Out. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, E., Pussard, H., & Thornton, A. (2006). ‘Leap for London’? Investigating the affective power of the sport spectacle. World Leisure Journal,48(3), 6–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A. (1993). Little Big Men. Bodybuilding, Subculture and Gender Construction. New York: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusz, K. (2007). Revolt of the White Athlete: Race, Media and the Emergence of Extreme Athletes in America. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamont, M. J., & Kennelly, M. (2012). A qualitative exploration of participant motives among committed amateur triathletes. Leisure Sciences,34(3), 236–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Breton, D. (2000). Playing symbolically with death in extreme sports. Body & Society,6(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liokaftos, D. (2012). From ‘Classical’ to ‘Freaky’: An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised Male Bodybuilding Culture. PhD, Goldsmith’s College, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luciano, L. (2001). Looking Good: Male Body Image in Modern America. New York: Hill and Wang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, G. D. (1996). Blunt force violence in America: Shades of grey or red. Ultimate/extreme fighting. Journal of the American Medical Association,275(21), 1684–1685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, G. (2009). Subculture, style, chavs and consumer capitalism: Towards a critical cultural criminology of youth. Crime, Media, Culture,5(2), 123–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, J. A. (2009). Digital subculture: A geek meaning of style. Journal of Communication Inquiry,33(1), 58–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarville, R. (2007). From a fall in the mall to a run in the sun: One journey to Ironman triathlon. Leisure Sciences,29(2), 159–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, S. (2013). Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamee, M. (Ed.). (2007). Philosophy, Risk and Adventure Sports. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. (1992). Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miloch, K. S., & Lambrecht, K. W. (2006). Consumer awareness of sponsorship at grassroots sport events. Sport Marketing Quarterly,15(3), 147–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muggleton, D. (2005). From classlessness to clubculture: A genealogy of post-war British youth cultural analysis. Young,13(2), 205–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muggleton, D., & Weinzierl, R. (2003). The Post-Subcultures Reader. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J. P. (2008). Media violence the effects are both real and strong. American Behavioral Scientist,51(8), 1212–1230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M., & Bianchi, S. M. (2004). Exercise time: Gender differences in the effects of marriage, parenthood, and employment. Journal of Marriage and Family,66(2), 413–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhinehart, R. (2000). Emerging arriving sport: Alternatives to formal sport. In J. Coackely & E. Dunning (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Studies. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robards, B., & Bennett, A. (2011). MyTribe: Post-subcultural manifestations of belonging on social network sites. Sociology,45(2), 303–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roethenbaugh, G. (2014). Global Triathlon Participation. Multisport Research, International Triathlon Union (ITU). Retrieved March 20, 2017 from http://www.triathlonquebec.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ITU-Global-Triathon-Participation-Survey-NF.pdf.

  • Sassatelli, R. (2010). Fitness Culture: Gyms and the Commercialisation of Discipline and Fun. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scheppler, B. (2002). The Ironman Triathlon. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shildrick, T. A., & MacDonald, R. (2006). In defence of subculture: Young people, leisure and social divisions. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(2), 125–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J., Mahoney, T., & Hambrick, M. (2016). Leisure, work, and family: How IronMEN balance the demands of three resource-intensive roles. Leisure Sciences,38(3), 232–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, D. C. (2012). Ultimate Fighting and Embodiment: Violence, Gender, and Mixed Martial Arts. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, D. C. (2014). Sensing violence: An ethnography of mixed martial arts. Ethnography,15(2), 232–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stenius, M. (2015). The Body in Pain and Pleasure: An Ethnography of Mixed Martial Arts. Umeå, Sweden: Department of Culture and Media Studies, Umeå University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenius, M., & Dziwenka, R. (2015). “Just be natural with your body”. An autoethnography of violence and pain in mixed martial arts. International Journal of Martial Arts, 1(1), 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, H. (2006). Beyond “decorative sociology”: Contextualizing female surf, skate and snow boarding. Sociology of Sport Journal,23(3), 205–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, D., & Carnicelli, S. (Eds.). (2017). Lifestyle Sports and Public Policy. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • USA Triathlon. (2015). USA Triathlon Membership Report. Retrieved March 21, 2017 from https://www.teamusa.org/usa-triathlon/about/multisport/demographics.

  • Wheaton, B. (2004). Understanding Lifestyle Sports: Consumption, Identity and Difference. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B. (2007). After sport culture: Rethinking sport and post-subcultural theory. Journal of Sport & Social Issues,31(3), 283–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B. (2013). The Cultural Politics of Lifestyle Sports. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B., & Beal, B. (2003). ‘KEEPING IT REAL’: Subcultural media and the discourses of authenticity in alternative sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(2), 155–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. P. (2006). Authentic identities: Straightedge subculture, music, and the internet. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,35(2), 173–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WTC. (2016). The Ironman Story [Web page]. World Triathlon Corporation. Retrieved October 21, 2106 from http://eu.ironman.com/triathlon/history.aspx#axzz4NhkNLmnf.

  • Young, I. (2005). On Female Body Experience: ‘Throwing Like a Girl’ and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zembura, P., & Żyśko, J. (2015). An examination of mixed martial arts spectators’ motives and their sports media consumption in Poland. Journal of Human Kinetics,46(1), 199–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jesper Andreasson .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Andreasson, J., Johansson, T. (2019). Introduction. In: Extreme Sports, Extreme Bodies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97238-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97238-1_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97237-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97238-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics