Abstract
Herbaceous ornamental plants represent a crop category that includes hundreds of species used in diverse ways. Such plants have been an important component of constructed landscapes and represent a significant economic activity. There are many North American native species that are used as herbaceous ornamentals although worldwide trade tends to be dominated by species native elsewhere. While there are some North American herbaceous ornamentals that fit conventional definitions of a crop, and would thus benefit from availability of crop wild relatives for enhancement through breeding, many more are basically nearly wild utilized species that are readily propagated and fit the demands of the marketplace. The study and preservation of herbaceous ornamentals genetic resources significantly lags that of food and industrial crops as evidenced by scant germplasm collections and very limited representations in the collections that do exist. This chapter highlights general issues associated with crop wild relatives and wild utilized species of herbaceous ornamentals and provides examples of current status of and work with three genera: Coreopsis L., Rudbeckia L., and Phlox L. These are three priority genera for germplasm development and conservation at the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center in Columbus, Ohio. The prospects for utilization of genetic resources of native herbaceous taxa are very good, but the limited resources and relatively low priority of this group of plants present considerable challenges to comprehensive conservation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Al-Atabee JS, Mulligan BJ, Power JB (1990) Interspecific somatic hybrids of Rudbeckia hirta and R. laciniata (Compositae). Plant Cell Rep 8:517–520
Archibald JK, Mort ME, Crawford DJ, Kelly JK (2005) Life history affects the evolution of reproductive isolation among species of Coreopsis (Asteraceae). Evolution 59(11):2362–2369
Armitage AM (2006) Native plants for North American gardens. Timber Press, Portland
Armitage AM (2011) Armitage’s Garden Perennials, 2nd edn. Timber Press, Portland
Ball Horticulture (2016) Catalogs of commercial plants. https://www.ballhort.com/Media/Catalogs/. Accessed 26 Sept 2016
Bendtsen BH (2009) Phloxe fur den garten. Forlaget Geranium Verlag, Denmark
BGCI (2016) North American botanic garden strategy for plant conservation, 2016–2020. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, U.S. Illinois, USA. http://northamericanplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/NAGSPC.pdf. Accessed 25 Sept 2016
Bohorquez-Restrepo A (2015) Biochemical and colorimetric study of flower color in phlox species. MS thesis, The Ohio State University. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429694764. Accessed 18 Sept 2016
Bombarely A et al (2016) Insight into the evolution of the Solanaceae from the parental genomes of Petunia hybrid. Nat Plants 2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.74
Borland J (2006) Armitage’s native plants for North American gardens (review). Nat Plants J 7(2):153–154
Brickell C (2004) American horticultural society a to Z encyclopedia of garden plants. DK Publishing, Inc, New York
California Department of Fish & Wildlife (2016) Yreka Phlox (Phlox hirsuta). https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Plants/Endangered/Phlox-hirsuta. Accessed 30 Sept 2016
Campbell JJN, Seymour WR Jr (2013) Towards a revision of the Rudbeckia fulgida complex (Asteraceae), with description of a new species from the blacklands of southern USA. Phytoneuron 2013-90:1–27
Center for Plant Conservation (2016) http://saveplants.org/national-collection/. Accessed 29 Sept 2016
Chansler MT, Ferguson CJ, Fehlberg SD, Prather LA (2016) The role of polyploidy in shaping morphological diversity in natural populations of Phlox amabilis. Am J Bot 103(9):1546–1558
COSEWIC (2012) Assessment and status report on the Pink Coreopsis – Coreopsis rosea – in Canada. https://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=11654A7B-1. Accessed 22 Aug 2016
Cosner ME, Crawford DJ (1994) Comparisons of isozyme diversity in three rare species of Coreopsis (Asteraceae). Syst Bot 19(3):350–358
Craig R (2003) Creating a more beautiful world: a century of progress in the breeding of floral and nursery plans. HortScience 38(5):928–936
Daughtrey ML, Benson DM (2005) Principles of plant health management for ornamental plants. Annu Rev Phytopatho 43:141–169
Diamond AR, Boyd RS (2004) Distribution, habitat characteristics, and population trends of the rare southeastern endemic Rudbeckia auriculata (Perdue) Kral (Asteraceae). Castanea 69(4):249–264
ECOS (2016) Environmental conservation online system. US Fish & Wildlife Service. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/. Accessed 25 Sept 2016
Fehlberg SD, Ferguson CJ (2012a) Intraspecific cytotype variation and conservation: an example from Phlox (Polemoniaceae). Calochortiana 1:189–195
Fehlberg SD, Ferguson CJ (2012b) Intraspecific cytotypic variation and complex genetic structure in the Phlox amablis-P. woodhousei (Polemoniaceae) complex. Am J Bot 99:865–874
Ferguson CJ, Jansen RK (2002) A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of eastern Phlox (Polemoniaceae): implications of congruence and incongruence with the ITS phylogeny. Am. J. Bot. 89:1324–1335
Ferguson CJ, Krämer F, Jansen RK (1999) Relationships of eastern North American Phlox (Polemoniaceae) based on ITS sequence data. Syst Bot 24:616–631
Flora of North America (2016) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074. Accessed 2 Oct 2016
Hanks G (2016) A review of the cut-flower and foliage sector 2015. Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. http://horticulture.ahdb.org.uk/sites/default/files/u3089/A%20review%20of%20cut-flower%20and%20foliage%20production%20statistics%202015_0.pdf. Accessed 24 Sept 2016
Harkess RL, Lyons RE (1994) Rudbeckia hirta L.: a versatile North American wild-flower. HortScience 29:134–227
Harlan J, de Wet J (1971) Toward a rational classification of cultivated plants. Taxon 20:509–517
Heywood V (2003) Conservation and sustainable use of wild species as sources of new ornamentals. Acta Hortic 598:43–53
Horn W (2004) The patterns of evolution and ornamental plant breeding. Acta Hortic 651:19–31
Hudson A, Critchley J, Erasmus Y (2016) The genus Antirrhinum (Snapdragon) a flowering plant model for evolution and development. http://www.cshlpress.com/pdf/sample/EMOc4-16.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2016
Jaenicke H (2013) Germplasm conservation of ornamental plants – what we can learn from agriculture. Acta Hortic (ISHS) 977:19–28
Jepson Flora Project (2016) Jepson eFlora. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html. Accessed 2 Oct 2016
Jourdan P, Zale P, Stieve S (2015) Germplasm characterization and enhancement for Phlox, Rudbeckia and Coreopsis. Acta Hortic 1104:349–355
Kartesz JT (2015) The biota of North America program (BONAP). Taxonomic Data Center, Chapel Hill. http://www.bonap.net/tdc. Accessed 5 Oct 2016
Kelaidis P (1984) Fiery phloxes of Chihuahua. Pacific Horticulture, Winter 1984. http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/fiery-phloxes-of-chihuahua/. Accessed 2 Oct 2016
Kelaidis P (2012) Out phloxed…. Ending the year on a sad note… http://prairiebreak.blogspot.com.uy/2012_12_01_archive.html. Accessed 15 July 2016
Khoury CK, Greene S, Wiersema J, Maxted N, Jarvis A, Struik PC (2013) An inventory of crop wild relatives of the United States. Crop Sci 53:1–13
Kramer A, Hird A, Shaw K, Dosmann M, Mims R (2011) Conserving North America’s threatened plants: progress report on Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Botanic Gardens Conservation International U.S. www.plants2020.net/document/0182/. Accessed 10 Sept 2016
Levin DA (1963) Natural hybridization between Phlox maculata and Phlox glaberrima and its evolutionary significance. Am J Bot 50:724–729
Levin DA (1968) The genome constitutions of eastern North American Phlox amphiploids. Evolution 22:612–632
Levin DA (1973) Polymorphism for interspecific cross-compatibility in Phlox. Proc Nat Acad Sci 70:1149–1150
Levin DA (1975) Interspecific hybridization, heterozygosity and gene exchange in Phlox. Evolution 29:37–51
Levin DA, Smith DM (1966) Hybridization and evolution in the Phlox pilosa complex. Am Nat 100:289–302
Levy M, Levin DA (1974) Novel flavonoids and reticulate evolution in the Phlox pilosa-P. drummondii complex. Am J Bot 65:156–167
Locklear JH (2011) Phlox: a natural history and gardener’s guide. Timber Press, Portland
Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV, Jury S, Kell S, Scholten M (2006) Towards a definition of a crop wild relative. Biodivs Conserv 15:2673–2685
Maxted N, Amri A et al (2016) Joining up the dots: a systematic perspective of crop wild relative conservation and use. In: Masxted N, Dulloo ME, Ford-Lloyd BV (eds) Enhancing crop genepool use: capturing wild relative and landrace diversity for crop improvement, p 87–124 CABI
McKinney ML (2002) Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. BioScience 52:883–890
Meilleur BA, Hodgkin T (2004) In situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and trends. Biodivers Conserv 13:663–684
NatureServe (2017) NatureServe Explorer: an online encyclopedia of life (web application). Version 7.0, NatureServe, Arlington, VA. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. Accessed 14 July 2017
New Jersey Pinelands Commission (2012) Protection of threatened & endangered plants in the New Jersey Pinelands. www.nj.gov/pinelands/infor/fact/Plant%20Protection.pdf. Accessed 15 Sept 2016
Oates KM, Ranney TG, Touchell DH (2012) Influence of induced polyploidy on fertility and morphology of Rudbeckia species and hybrids. HortScience 47(9):1217–1221
Padhye S, Cameron A (2005) Coreopsis: a great all-American genus. Greenhouse Product News. http://flor.hrt.msu.edu/assets/PdfAttachments/Coreopsisagreatall-Americangenus.pdf Accessed 15 Sept 2016
Palmer IE, Bir RE, Lynch NP, Ranney TG (2009) Crossability, cytogenetics, and reproductive pathways in Rudbeckia subgenus Rudbeckia. HortScience 44:44–48
Parker Y, Yom-Tov Y, Alon-Mzes T, Barena A (2014) The effect of plant richness and urban garden structure on bird species richness, diversity and community structure. Landsc Urban Plan 122:186–195
Perennial Pleasures (2016) http://perennialpleasures.net/all-about-phlox. Accessed 2 Sept 2016
Plant Collections Network (2016) https://publicgardens.org/programs/about-plant-collections-network. Accessed 8 Sept 2016
Poole JM (2007) Rare plants of Texas: a field guide. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas
Probst D (2012) US plant patent PP 23035. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/USPP23035.pdf. Accessed 5 Oct 2016
Qian H (1999) Spatial pattern of vascular plant diversity in North America north of Mexico and its floristic relationship with Eurasia. Ann Bot 83:271–283
Rhoda R, Burton T (2010) Geo-Mexico: the geography and dynamics of modern Mexico. Sombrero Books, Vancouver
Rowe DB (2011) Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement. Environ Pollut 159(8–9):2100–2110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029
Ruane LG, Dickens ME, Wall ME (2015) Fitness consequences of short- and long-distance pollination sin phlox hirsute, an endangered species. Am J Bot 102(10):1659–1665
Schwarz-Sommer Z, Davies B, Hudson A (2003) An everlasting pioneer: the story of Antirrhinum research. Nat Rev Genet 4:655–664. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1127
SciDevNet (2016) Biodiversity: facts and figures. http://www.scidev.net/global/biodiversity/feature/biodiversity-facts-and-figures-1.html. Accessed 10 Sept 2016
Secretariat of the Interior (SEGOB) (2015) Norma Oficial Mexicana 059-SEMARNAT-2010, environmental protection – native Mexican species of flora and fauna – risk categories and specifications for inclusion, exclusion or change – the list of species at risk. Diario Oficial de la Federación. http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5420810&fecha=21/12/2015. Accessed 20 Aug 2017
Smith EB (1975) The chromosome numbers of North American Coreopsis with phyletic interpretations. Bot Gaz 136:78–86
SOS (2016) http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/fish__wildlife_and/plants/seeds_of_success.htm. Accessed 5 Oct 2016
Symons-Jeune BHB (1953) Phlox: a flower monograph. D. Van Nostrand, Inc, New York
Tallamy D (2009) Bringing nature home. Timber Press, Portland
Tay D (2003) Herbaceous ornamental plant genebank: its roles in the floriculture industry. Acta Hortic 624:29–36
Tay D (2007) Herbaceous ornamental plant germplasm conservation and use. Theoretical and practical treatments. In: Anderson NO (ed) Flower breeding and genetics: issues, challenges and opportunities for the 21st century. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 113–175
Terra Nova Nurseries (2016) http://www.terranovanurseries.com/gardeners/top_25.php. Accessed 25 Sept 2016
Texas Park & Wildlife (2016) Texas trailing phlox. http://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/trlphlox/. Accessed 29 Sept 2016
The Plant List (2013) Version 1.1. http://www.theplantlist.org/. Accessed 30 Aug 2016
UN (2014) World’s population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html. Accessed 9 Aug 2016
UN Comtrade (2016) http://comtrade.un.org/data/. Accessed 9 Aug 2016
Urbatsch LE, Baldwin BG, Donoghue MJ (2000) Phylogeny of the coneflowers and relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and chloroplast DNA restriction site data. Syst Bot 25:539–565
USDA (2016) Floriculture crops – 2015 summary. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/FlorCrop/FlorCrop-04-26-2016.pdf. Accessed 5 Oct 2016
USDA, ARS. National Plant Germplasm System (2017a) Germplasm resources information network (GRIN Global) database. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/acc/acc_queries.html. Accessed 20 Oct 2017
USDA, ARS. National Plant Germplasm System (2017b) Germplasm resources information network (GRIN Global) Taxonomy. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyquery.aspx. Accessed 20 Oct 2017
USDA Forest Service (2003) Conservation assesment for Sullivant’s coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida var. sullivantii). https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsm91_054330.pdf. Accessed 5 Oct 2016
Wherry ET (1955) The genus Phlox. Morris Aboretum Monographs, Philadelphia
Wiersema JH, León B, Garvey EJ (2012) Identifying wild relatives of subtropical and temperate fruit and nut crops. Acta Hortic 948:285–288
Wilde HD, Gandhi KJK, Colson G (2015) State of the science and challenges of breeding landscape plants with ecological function. Hortic Res 2:14069. https://doi.org/10.1038/hortres.2014.69
Worcester L, Mayfield MH, Ferguson CJ (2012) Cytotypic variation in Phlox pilosa ssp. pilosa (Polemoniaceae) at the western edge of its range in the Central United States. J Bot Res Inst Texas 6:443–451
Zale P (2014) Germplasm development, characterization, and enhancement of eastern Phlox species. Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417694536. Accessed 28 Aug 2016
Zale P, Jourdan P (2015) Genome size and ploidy of Phlox paniculata and related germplasm in subsections Paniculatae and Phlox. J Ame Soc Hortic Sci 140:436–448
Zale P, Robarts WH, Jourdan P (2016) Genome size and ploidy levels of creeping phlox and related germplasm of mat-forming taxa from eastern and western North America. Sci Hortic 203:53–61
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jourdan, P. (2019). Genetic Resources of Herbaceous Ornamentals in North America. In: Greene, S., Williams, K., Khoury, C., Kantar, M., Marek, L. (eds) North American Crop Wild Relatives, Volume 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97121-6_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97121-6_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97120-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97121-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)