Renegotiating the World by Compass and Card

Nayar, Sheila J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96899-5_6

Sheila J. Nayar²

315 Accesses

Abstract

Part III, “Plus Ultra! Further Yet!”, traces the attempt by humanists, including poets, natural philosophers, and cartographers, to hold on to the classical past even as they were more “objectively” extending the boundaries of the globe, thanks to compass navigation and the discovery of new worlds. This chapter specifically explores the different facets of compass culture upon which authors drew, additionally homing in on the compass’ offshoot, cartography. Regarding the latter, Nayar exposes the (often fraught, but also festive) emergence of a mapped world that had been defined largely by the ancients, now in tension with newly discovered territories, as well as with cartographical voids and terra incognita.

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Notes

1.
Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning [1605], in Selected Writings of Francis Bacon, ed. Hugh G. Dick (New York: Random House, 1955).
2.
Francis Bacon, The Great Instauration, in The Works of Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor of England, Volume III (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1848), 18.
3.
Francis Bacon, The New Organon [1620] and Related Writings, ed. Fulton H. Anderson (New York: Liberal Arts P, 1960), 6.
4.
Quoted in Peter Burke, A Social History of Knowledge: From Gutenberg to Diderot (Malden, MA: Polity, 2000), 112.
5.
Guido Pancirollus, The history of many memorable things lost, which were in use among the ancients… (London: Printed for John Nicholson…, 1715), Beinecke Library, Yale University, 265, 425, The Making of the Modern World, http://find.galegroup.com
6.
Polydore Vergil , On Discovery [1499], ed. and trans. Brian P. Copenhaver (Cambridge, MA: I Tatti Renaissance Library of Harvard University Press, 2002), 237.
7.
Peter Martyr, The Discovery of the New World in the Writings of Peter Martyr of Anghiera, eds. Ernesto Lunardi et al., trans. Felix Azzola (Rome: Instituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato Libreria dello Stato, 1992), 365.
8.
Lucian (second century c.e.) did the same in his travel satire A True Story.
9.
Samuel Y. Edgerton, Jr., “From Mental Matrix to Mappamundi to Christian Empire: The Heritage of Ptolemaic Cartography in the Renaissance,” in Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays, ed. David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 48.
10.
John Durham Peters, The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 20.
11.
Norman J.W. Thrower, Maps & Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 63–64.
12.
R.A. Skelton, Decorative Printed Maps of the 15th to 18th Centuries; a Revised Edition of Old Decorative Maps and Charts (London: Staples P, c. 1952), 40. Münster added 21 new maps to the standard 27 comprising Ptolemy’s Geography (Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography [Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2006], 69).
13.
C.W.R.D. Moseley, ed. and introduction to The Travels of Sir John Mandeville [ca. 14th c.], by John Mandeville (New York: Penguin Books, 2005).
14.
John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville [ca. 14th c.], ed. C.W.R.D. Moseley (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 170.
15.
Ibid., 171.
16.
Moseley, ed., Travels, 33–34.
17.
Arthur Klinghoffer, The Power of Projections: How Maps Reflect Global Politics and History (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006), 63.
18.
Ibid., 64.
19.
Amerigo Vespucci, Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci’s Discovery of America, ed. Luciano Formisano, trans. David Jacobson (New York: Marsilio, 1992), 21, 23.
20.
Wulf Bodenstein, “Ortelius’ Maps of Africa,” in Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of his Death, 1598–1998, eds. Marcel van den Broecke et al. (Houten, the Netherlands: HES, 1998), 201.
21.
Quoted in Ibid.
22.
Abraham Ortelius, An epitome of Ortelius his Theater of the vvorld… [1601] (British Library. STC [2nd ed.], 18857), 107, Early English Books Online.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Ibid.
25.
Edward Webbe, Edward Webbe, Chief Master Gunner. His Trauailes [1590], ed. Edward Arber (Westminster: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1902), 24.
26.
Ibid.
27.
Ibid.
28.
Ibid.
29.
Ibid., 25.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Mouvance conceptually originates with Paul Zumthor, who used it to describe the textual mobility that was a consequence of the manual copying of medieval manuscripts.
32.
Stephen Pumfrey, Latitude & the Magnetic Earth (Duxford, Cambridge: Icon Books, 2002), 31.
33.
Ibid., 35.
34.
Quoted in Pumfrey, Latitude, 58.
35.
Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World: American Culture: The Formative Years (New York: Viking Press, 1964), 123 n.
36.
Vergil, On Discovery, 487. This appears in III.xviii.
37.
Pumfrey, Latitude, 63.
38.
William Cuningham, The cosmographical glasse… (Londini: In officina Ioan. Daij typographi, Anno. 1559), 160, Early English Books Online.
39.
Ibid.
40.
Ibid.
41.
Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book Two, ed. Erik Gray (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2006), 98.
42.
Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Books Three and Four, ed. Dorothy Stephens (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2006), 32.
43.
Paul Glennie and Nigel Thrift, Shaping the Day: A History of Timekeeping in England and Wales 1300–1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 284.
44.
See Thrower, Maps, 51; Mapping, 41; and D.K. Smith, The Cartographic Imagination in Early Modern England: Re-writing the World in Marlowe, Spenser, Raleigh and Marvell (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008), 2.
45.
Bernhard Klein, “Imaginary Journeys: Spenser, Drayton, and the Poetics of National Space,” in Literature, Mapping, and the Politics of Space in Early Modern Britain, eds. Andrew Gordon and Bernhard Klein (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 215–217.
46.
William Shakespeare, Coriolanus, in The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, ed. David Bevington (Boston: Pearson, 2014), 1406.
47.
Shakespeare, Complete Works, 1736.
48.
John Davis , The seamans secrets… (London: By Thomas Dawson, dwelling at the Three Cranes in the Vinetree, and are these to be solde, 1595), Firste Booke, unnumbered, Early English Books Online. (The third essential, Davis states, is latitude…).
49.
Pumfrey, Latitude, 26.
50.
William Gilbert, On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies and on the Great Magnet the Earth [1600], trans. P. Fleury Mottelay [1892] (Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers, 1938), 129.
51.
Ibid., 235.
52.
Ibid., 250.
53.
Pumfrey, Latitude, 110.
54.
Gilbert, On the Loadstone, 309–310.
55.
Ibid., 5–6.
56.
Pumfrey, Latitude, 201.
57.
Ibid., 4.
58.
Mary Floyd-Wilson, Occult Knowledge, Science, and Gender on the Shakespearean Stage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 75.
59.
Ben Jonson, The Magnetic Lady, ed. Peter Happé (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 68.
60.
Ronald E. McFarland, “Jonson’s Magnetic Lady and the Reception of William Gilbert’s De Magnete,” Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900 11, no. 2 (1971): 292.
61.
Peter Happé, introduction to The Magnetic Lady, by Ben Jonson, ed. Peter Happé (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 32–34.
62.
Jonson, Magnetic, 73, 81, 90–91. McFarland observes that, like her namesake, Lady Lodestone is a passive object, though sans the soul that Gilbert suggests (McFarland, “Jonson’s,” 290).
63.
Ibid.
64.
Ibid., 283.
65.
Gilbert, On the Loadstone, 151.
66.
Happé, introduction to Magnetic, 33.
67.
Jonson, Magnetic, 213; Happé, ed., Magnetic, 213 n. 145.
68.
See also Robert Greene’s 1584 prose romance Gwydonius.
69.
John Donne, The Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne, ed. Charles M. Coffin (New York: The Modern Library, 2001), 40.
70.
Gilbert, On the Loadstone, 98.
71.
Pumfrey, Latitude, 213.
72.
John Donne, The Variorum Edition of the Poetry of John Donne, Volume 7, Part I: The Holy Sonnets, ed. Gary A. Stringer (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2005), 5.
73.
Donne, Complete, 199.
74.
Ibid., 199–203. See Marjorie Hope Nicolson, The Breaking of the Circle: Studies in the Effect of the “New Science” upon Seventeenth-Century Poetry (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), 101–102; and Valerie Traub, “The Nature of Norms in Early Modern England: Anatomy, Cartography, ‘King Lear,’” South Central Review 26, nos. 1–2 (2009).
75.
Ludmila Makuchowska, Scientific Discourse in John Donne’s Eschatological Poetry (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014), 118.
76.
John Durant, The spiritual sea-man; or, A manual for mariners… (London: Printed for L. Chapman… 1655), 1–2, Early English Books Online.
77.
Ibid., 5.
78.
Ibid., 23.
79.
John Gillies, “Introduction: Elizabethan Drama and the Cartographizations of Space,” in Playing the Globe: Genre and Geography in English Renaissance Drama, eds. John Gillies and Virginia Mason Vaughan (Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998), 19.
80.
P.D.A. Harvey, Maps in Tudor England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 7.
81.
Ibid., 15. Wall maps in their earliest incarnations belonged, like guns, to the wealthy.
82.
Gillies, “Introduction,” 19, 25. The term originates with P.D.A. Harvey. See also Surekha Davies, Renaissance Ethnography and the Invention of the Human: New Worlds, Maps and Monsters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
83.
John Dee, preface to The elements of geometrie…, by Euclid (London: By Iohn Daye, [1570]), unnumbered, Early English Books Online.
84.
Quoted in Svetlana Alpers, “The Mapping Impulse in Dutch Art,” in Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays, ed. David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 74.
85.
Pimlyco. Or Runne-Red Cap… (London: Printed [by Thomas Purfoot] for Io Busbie, and Geo: Loftis, … 1609), unnumbered, Early English Books Online.
86.
Abraham Holland, “A Continved Inquisition against Paper-Persecutors,” in A scourge for paper-persecutors, by John Davies (London: For H. H[olland] and G. G[ibbs]…, 1625), Early English Books Online.
87.
Smith, Cartographic, 3.
88.
Klinghoffer, Power, 23–24.
89.
Ibid., 24.
90.
Klaus A. Vogel, “Cosmography,” in The Cambridge History of Science, Volume III: Early Modern Science, eds. Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 476.
91.
Thrower, Maps, 41–42.
92.
Ibid.
93.
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 49.
94.
Ibid.
95.
Bronwen Wilson, The World in Venice: Print, the City, and Early Modern Identity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), 234. While said apropos portraiture, the comment, in my mind, applies no less to cartography.
96.
Peter Whitfield, The Image of the World: 20 Centuries of World Maps (London: The British Library, 2010), 36.
97.
In the 1500s, cosmography and geographically were interchangeable as terms (John Rennie Short, Making Space: Revisioning the World, 1475–1600 [Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2004], 153).
98.
Tony Campbell, The Earliest Printed Maps, 1472–1500 (London: The British Library, 1987), 1.
99.
Whitfield, Image, 10.
100.
Campbell, Earliest, 4. Columbus owned the 1478 edition of Ptolemy (Ibid.).
101.
Ibid.
102.
This was the Contarini-Rosselli map.
103.
Campbell, Earliest, 7.
104.
Klinghoffer, Power, 155 n.20. Johannes Ruysch was confused enough to eliminate Japan altogether from his 1508 world map (Ibid.).
105.
Campbell, Earliest, 100.
106.
Ibid., 7.
107.
Edwin H. Zeydel, ed., Ship of Fools, by Sebastian Brant, trans. Edwin H. Zeydel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), 378 n. 7.
108.
Paul Binding, Imagined Corners: Exploring the World’s First Atlas (London: Headline, 2003), 235. Other times, map knowledge was considered a “trade secret” of pilots, explorers, and the state (Jones, O Strange, 2).
109.
Short, Making, 22.
110.
Ibid.
111.
Campbell, Earliest, 101. Brant had collaborated on the German publication of Columbus’ letter (Zeydel, ed., Ship, 378 n. 7).
112.
Sebastian Brant, Ship of Fools [c. 1509], trans. and ed. Edwin H. Zeydel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), 222.
113.
Ibid.
114.
Vogel, “Cosmography,” 478.
115.
Rychard Eden, “Rychard Eden to the reader,” in A treatyse of newe India…, by Sebastian Münster (London: In Lombard strete, by [S. Mierdman for] Edward Sutton, [1553]), unnumbered, Early English Books Online.
116.
Quoted in Ibid., 469.
117.
Leonardo da Vinci, Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci [d. 1519], eds. Charles D. O’Malley and J.B. de C.M. Saunders (New York: Henry Schuman, 1952), 32.
118.
Short, Making, 52–53.
119.
Quoted in Alfred Hiatt, Terra Incognita: Mapping the Antipodes Before 1600 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 167.
120.
Contemporary critics often fault his projection for diminishing the size of Africa, but Mercator’s motivations were practical—to aid navigators in plotting their courses (Short, Making, 3).
121.
William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, in Complete Works, 355.
122.
Thomas Dekker, The Guls hand-booke… (London: [By Nicholas Okes] for S[ergier?], 1609), 7, Early English Books Online.
123.
Caterina Albano, “Visible Bodies: Cartography and Anatomy,” in Literature, Mapping, and the Politics of Space in Early Modern Britain, eds. Andrew Gordon and Bernhard Klein (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 89. Ayesha Ramachandran similarly argues that the empiricism of cartographical “worldmaking” in this period remained enmeshed with theological concerns and spiritual practices (Ayesha Ramachandran, The Worldmakers: Global Imagining in Early Modern Europe [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015], 14–15).
124.
Makuchowska, Scientific, 14.
125.
Ibid.
126.
Vogel, “Cosmography,” 471.
127.
Makuchowska, Scientific, 14.
128.
Hiatt, Terra, 169.
129.
Frank Lestringant, Mapping the Renaissance World: The Geographical Imagination in the Age of Discovery, trans . David Fausett (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1994), 18.
130.
Anthony Grafton, with April Shelford and Nancy Siraisi, New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), 205.
131.
Quoted in Naomi Miller, Mapping the City: The Language and Culture of Cartography in the Renaissance (London: Continuum, 2003), 9, emphasis added.
132.
Thomas Heywood, The Silver Age, including the loue of Iupiter to Alcmena… (London: Printed by Nicholas Okes [etc.], 1613), Chadwyck-Healey English Verse Drama Full-Text Database, 1994, ProQuest.
133.
Quoted in Lestringant, Mapping, 15.
134.
Binding, Imagined, 82.
135.
Quoted in Hiatt, Terra, 203.
136.
Lestringant, Mapping, 113.
137.
Thomas Fuller, The History of the Worthies of England [1662], volume 2, ed. John Nichols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 133.
138.
Quoted in Günter Schilder, “The Wall Maps by Abraham Ortelius,” in Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of his Death, 1598–1998, eds. Marcel van den Broecke et al. (Houten, the Netherlands: HES, 1998), 102.
139.
Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum orbis terrarum (The Theatre of the Whole World), London 1606, series of atlases in facsimile, fourth Series, vol. IV (Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1968).
140.
Marijke Spies, “Humanist Conceptions of the Far North in the Works of Mercator and Ortelius,” in Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas, 316.
141.
Lestringant, Mapping, 113.
142.
Hiatt, Terra, 3.
143.
Klinghoffer, Power, 8.
144.
Helen Wallis, “Map-Making and Geography.” The Discovery of the World: Maps of the Earth and the Cosmos (Montreal: The David M. Stewart Museum, 1985), 25.
145.
Robert Ralston Cawley, Unpathed Waters: Studies in the Influence of the Voyagers on Elizabethan Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949), 73. In Don Quixote, Sancho will reveal his navigational ignorance when blithely referring to a courtly tale’s protagonist as “Señora Magallanes or Magalona” (II.41) (Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, trans. Edith Grossman [New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003], 724). See also Don Quixote’s earlier chastisement of Sancho for trying to engage cartographical nomenclature (II.29) (Ibid., 650).
146.
Walter Ralegh, The Works of Sir Walter Ralegh, Kt., Volume IV: History of the World, Book II (Oxford, at the University Press, 1829), 684.
147.
Skelton, Decorative, 17.
148.
Jones, O Strange, 5.
149.
Lestringant, Mapping, 113.
150.
Ibid.
151.
Ibid.
152.
William Shakespeare, Othello, in Complete Works, 1162.
153.
Lestringant, Mapping, 113.
154.
Jones, O Strange, 23. See also Davies, Renaissance, 298.
155.
Chet Van Duzer, Sea Monsters on Medieval and Renaissance Maps (London: The British Library, 2013), 8–10.
156.
Ibid., 81.
157.
Ibid.
158.
Ibid., 116–117.
159.
Ibid., 12.
160.
Quoted in Short, Making, 55.
161.
Van Duzer, Sea Monsters, 11.
162.
Skelton, Decorative, 18.
163.
The newe attractiue, Containyng a short discourse of the magnes or lodestone… (London: By Ihon Kyngston for Richard Ballard, 1581), Early English Books Online.
164.
Paul Longley Arthur, Virtual Voyages: Travel Writing and the Antipodes 1605–1837 (London: Anthem Press, 2010), 24.
165.
Joseph Hall, The Discovery of the New World (Mundus alter et idem), Englished by John Healey [1609], ed. Huntington Brown (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1937), 101.
166.
Hiatt, Terra, 210.
167.
Klinghoffer, Power, 71. Ptolemy labeled this counterforce “Antichthones,” following Pythagoras, who had considered it non-terrestrial (Ibid., 70).
168.
Whitfield, Image, 58.
169.
Lestringant, Mapping, 129.
170.
Hiatt, Terra, 1.
171.
Ibid.
172.
Ibid., 226.
173.
Boies Penrose, Tudor and Early Stuart Voyaging (Washington, DC: Folger Books, 1979), 11–12.
174.
Klinghoffer, Power, 70–71.
175.
See Hiatt, Terra, 237.
176.
Rose Marie San Juan, Vertiginous Mirrors: The Animation of the Visual Image and Early Modern Travel (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011), 3.
177.
Hiatt, Terra, 244.
178.
Ibid., 186.
179.
See Arthur, Virtual, xvii.
180.
Hiatt, Terra, 9.
181.
Cuningham, Cosmographical, 70.
182.
Klinghoffer, Power, 25–26.
183.
Arthur, Virtual, 24.
184.
Cuningham, Cosmographical, 70.
185.
Hiatt, Terra, 6.
186.
Christopher Marlowe, 1 & 2 Tamburlaine, in The Complete Plays, ed. J.B. Steane (Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1969), 162.
187.
This last part, I borrow from Klinghofer, Power, 3.
188.
Brant, Ship, 221.
189.
William Bullein, Dialogue against the Fever Pestilence [1564], ed. A.H. Henry (London: Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co., 1888), 96–105, Internet Archive.
190.
Barnabe Barnes, The Devil’s Charter, ed. Nick de Somogyi (New York: Theatre Arts Books/Routledge, 1999), 23.
191.
John Melton, Astrologaster, or The Figvre-Caster (Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California, 1975), 28.
192.
Henri Bergson, “Laughter,” in Comedy, ed. Wylie Sypher (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 121.
193.
Richard Brome, The Antipodes [1640], eds. David Scott Kastan and Richard Proudfoot (London: Nick Hern Books, 2000), 35.
194.
The English were not only devourers but consummate producers of travel texts. See, for example, Richard Hakluyt, Hakluyt’s Voyages, Volume 1 [1600] (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1927).
195.
Brome, Antipodes, 16.
196.
Ibid., 14, 16.
197.
Goran V. Stanivukovic, “Cruising the Mediterranean: Narratives of Sexuality and Geographies of the Eastern Mediterranean in Early Modern English Prose Romances,” in Remapping the Mediterranean World in Early Modern English Writings, ed. Goran V. Stanivukovic (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 70.
198.
Brome, Antipodes, 15.
199.
Ibid., 23.
200.
Ibid., 26.
201.
Ibid., 41.
202.
Ibid., 95. This appears in IV.i.
203.
Christopher Columbus, “From The Narrative of the Third Voyage, 1498–1500,” in Heath Anthology of American Literature: Volume A, Beginnings to 1800, ed. Paul Lauter (Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2009), 148.
204.
Arthur, Virtual, 21.
205.
Eisenstein, Printing, 48.
206.
Quoted in Arthur, Virtual, 22.
207.
Mapping, 100.
208.
Thrower, Maps, 84.
209.
Virginia Mason Vaughan, “Preface: The Mental Maps of English Renaissance Drama,” in Playing the Globe: Genre and Geography in English Renaissance Drama, eds. John Gillies and Virginia Mason Vaughan (Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998), 8.
210.
Binding, Imagined, 3, 5.
211.
Wallis, “Map-Making,” 20.
212.
Binding, Imagined, 204.
213.
William Shakespeare, Henry V, in Complete Works, 878.
214.
Ortelius, Theatrum.
215.
Marcel van den Broecke, “The Significance of Language: The Texts on the Verso of the Maps in Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum orbis terrarum,” Imago mundi 60, no. 2 (2008): 204.
216.
While Ortelius’ maps are typically north in orientation, Portugal’s is west—as if to emphasize its early mastery of the sea (Binding, Imagined, 172).
217.
Leon Voet, “Abraham Ortelius and His World,” in Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of his Death, 1598–1998, eds. Marcel van den Broecke et al. (Houten, the Netherlands: HES, 1998), 23–24.
218.
Van den Broecke, “Significance,” 207.
219.
Binding, Imagined, 166, 242.
220.
Harvey, Maps, 25.
221.
Humfrey Lhoyd. “Epistle of Hvmfrey Lhoyd, Written to Abraham Ortel…,” in The Theatre of the Whole World (Theatrum orbis terrarum), London 1606, unnumbered, 7 pp.
222.
Iolo and Menai Roberts, “De Mona Druidum Insula,” in Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas, 349.
223.
Ibid., 350.
224.
Ibid., 357.
225.
Ibid., 359.
226.
Binding, Imagined, 168.
227.
Ibid., 81.
228.
Peter H. Meurer, “Ortelius as the Father of Historical Cartography,” in Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas, 139.
229.
Ibid., 150–151.
230.
Peter van der Krogt, “The Theatrum Orbis Terrarum: The First Atlas?” in Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas, 76.
231.
Ibid., 75.

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Sheila J. Nayar

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Nayar, S.J. (2019). Renegotiating the World by Compass and Card. In: Renaissance Responses to Technological Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96899-5_6

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