Abstract
This chapter examines notions of time and their practical and psychological impact upon human life, in poems by Coleridge, Wordsworth, Keats and Byron. The schism that John Stuart Mill identified as central to the thought and culture of his time, in his essays on Bentham and Coleridge, is epitomized by the struggle between urban, increasingly standardized, mechanical time, and the natural rhythms of light and darkness, and the seasons, that regulate rural, preindustrial time. This struggle for time is a central theme of A Christmas Carol, Dombey and Son, and Our Mutual Friend. Dickens’s treatment of the theme appropriates and develops the Romantics’ notions about the importance of this struggle. The role of water imagery, common to all these writers’ explorations of the theme, is also analyzed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsBibliography
Ackroyd, Peter. Dickens (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1990).
Ackroyd, Peter. London Under (London: Vintage Books, 2012).
Ackroyd, Peter. Thames: Sacred River (London: Chatto & Windus, 2007).
Aikens, Kristina. ‘The Daughter’s Desire in Dombey and Son’, Critical Survey, 17 (2005), 77–91.
Allen, Rick. The Moving Pageant: A Literary Sourcebook on London Street-life, 1700–1914 (London: Routledge, 1998).
Andrews, Malcolm. Dickens and the Grown-Up Child (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994).
[Anon.]. Chapters in the Life of a Dundee Factory Boy; an Autobiography (Dundee: James Myles, 1850).
[Anon.]. ‘Inquest on the late Master Paul Dombey’, The Man in the Moon, i (March 1847), 155–60.
[Anon.]. Review of Dombey and Son, Economist, 10 October 1846, 1324–25.
[Anon.]. Review of Dombey and Son, Parker’s London Magazine, May 1848, 201.
[Anon.]. Review of Our Mutual Friend, London Review, 28 October 1865, 467–68.
[Anon.]. Review of Our Mutual Friend, Saturday Review, xx (1865), 612–13.
[Anon.]. Review of Our Mutual Friend, Westminster Review, n.s. xxix (1866), 582–85.
Auerbach, Nina. ‘Dickens and Dombey: A Daughter After All’, in Romantic Imprisonment: Women and Other Glorified Outcasts (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), pp. 107–29.
Axton, William. ‘Dombey and Son: From Stereotype to Archetype’, English Literary History, 31, (1964), 301–17.
Bate, Jonathan. The Song of the Earth (London: Picador, 2000).
Bentley, G. E. (Jr.). The Stranger From Paradise (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003).
Benziman, Galia. ‘Who Stole the Child?: Missing Babies and Blank Identities in Early Dickens’, in Dickens and the Imagined Child, ed. by Peter Merchant and Catherine Waters (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015), pp. 27–41.
Bevis, Matthew. ‘Dickens by the Clock’, in Dickens’s Style, ed. by Daniel Tyler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 46–72.
Bevis, Richard. The Road to Egdon Heath: The Aesthetics of the Great in Nature (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999).
Blake, William. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, facsimile with Introduction and Commentary by Geoffrey Keynes (London: Oxford University Press, 1975).
Bodenheimer, Rosemarie. ‘Dickens and the Knowing Child’, in Dickens and the Imagined Child, ed. by Peter Merchant and Catherine Waters (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015), pp. 13–26.
Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre, ed. by Stevie Davies (London: Penguin Books, 2006).
Buckley, Jerome Hamilton. The Triumph of Time: A Study of the Victorian Concepts of Time, History, Progress, and Decadence (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1967).
Byron, George Gordon. Poetical Works, ed. by Frederick Page, new edition corrected by John Jump (London: Oxford University Press, 1970).
Carter, Ian. Railways and Culture in Britain: The Epitome of Modernity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001).
[Chorley, Henry Fothergill]. Review of Our Mutual Friend, The Athenaeum, 28 October 1865, 570.
Clark, Robert. ‘Riddling the Family Firm: The Sexual Economy in Dombey and Son’, English Literary History, 51 (1984), 69–84.
Cockburn, Lord (Henry Thomas). Life of Lord Jeffrey, with a Selection from His Correspondence (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1852).
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Poetical Works, ed. by Ernest Hartley Coleridge (London: Oxford University Press, 1967).
Collins, Philip. Dickens and Education (London: Macmillan, 1964).
Collins, Philip, ed. Dickens: The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971).
Connell, Philip. Romanticism, Economics, and the Question of ‘Culture’ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Coote, Stephen. John Keats: A Life (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1995).
[Dallas, E. S.]. Review of Our Mutual Friend, The Times, 29 November 1865, 6.
Den Hartog, Dirk. Dickens and Romantic Psychology: The Self in Time in Nineteenth-Century Literature (Houndmills: The Macmillan Press, 1987).
Dickens, Charles. Dombey and Son, ed. by Andrew Sanders (London: Penguin Books, 2002).
Dickens, Charles. Our Mutual Friend, ed. by Stephen Gill (London: Penguin Books, 1985).
Dickens, Charles. Selected Journalism 1850–1870, ed. by David Pascoe (London: Penguin Books, 1997).
Dickens, Charles. Sketches by Boz, ed. by Dennis Walder (London: Penguin Books, 1995).
Dickens, Charles. The Christmas Books, ed. by Michael Slater, 2 volumes (London: Penguin Books, 1985).
Dickens, Charles. The Letters, ed. by Madeline House, Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson, K. J. Fielding, Nina Burgis et al., 12 volumes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965–2002).
Donne, John. Poetical Works ed. by Sir Herbert Grierson (London: Oxford University Press, 1973).
Downes, Daragh. ‘The Best of Time, the Worst of Time: Temporal Consciousness in Dickens’, in Victorian Time: Technologies, Standardizations, Catastrophes, ed. by Trish Ferguson (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
Drew, John. ‘Texts, Paratexts and “e-texts”: The Poetics of Communication in Dickens’s Journalism’, in Dickens and Modernity, ed. by Juliet John (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2012), pp. 61–93.
Elfenbein, Andrew. ‘Managing the House in “Dombey and Son”: Dickens and the Uses of Analogy’, Studies in Philology, 92 (1995), 361–82.
[Eliot, George]. ‘The Natural History of German Life’, Westminster Review, lxvi (July 1856), 51–79.
Forster, E. M. Howards End, ed. by Oliver Stallybrass (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977).
Forster, John. The Life of Charles Dickens: Volume the Second, 1842–1852 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1873).
Furneaux, Holly. Queer Dickens: Erotics, Families, Masculinities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Garrett, Martin. ‘Our Mutual Friend: Contemporary Responses’, Paper Given at the Cambridge Dickens Fellowship, 14 March 2016.
Gibson, Richard Hughes. Forgiveness in Victorian Literature: Grammar, Narrative, and Community (London: Bloomsbury, 2015).
Gilmour, Robin. The Victorian Period: The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1830–1890 (London: Longman, 1993).
Gissing, George. The Immortal Dickens (London: Cecil Palmer, 1925).
‘H’. Review of Dombey and Son, Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review, xlvii, 5–11.
Hardy, Thomas. Jude the Obscure, ed. by Norman Page (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999).
Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D’Urbervilles, ed. by David Skilton (London: Penguin Books, 1985).
Hartley, Jenny, ed. The Selected Letters of Charles Dickens (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Hempil, Geoffrey Hempil. The Anxiety of Presence: Charles Dickens and the Self in Time. A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in English in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (The City University of New York, 2007).
Higbie, Robert. Dickens and Imagination (Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 1998).
Hodder, George. Memoirs of My Time, Including Personal Reminiscences of Eminent Men (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1870).
Horne, R. H. ‘Dust; or Ugliness Redeemed’, Household Words I (1850), 379–84 (p. 380).
House, Humphrey. The Dickens World (London: Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 1942).
Ilbert, Courtney, K. C. S. I., C. I. E. Legislative Methods and Forms (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1901).
Inwood, Stephen. A History of London (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 541.
[James, Henry]. Review of Our Mutual Friend, The Nation, 21 December 1865, 786–87.
[Jeffery, Francis]. Review of Wordsworth’s The Excursion, The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal XXIV 47 (November 1814).
Jeffrey-Cook, John. ‘William Pitt and his Taxes’, British Tax Review, 4 (2010), 376–91.
Johnson, Pamela Hansford. ‘The Sexual Life in Dickens’s Novels’, in Dickens 1970, ed. by Michael Slater (London: Chapman and Hall, 1970), pp. 173–94.
Kaplan, Fred. Dickens: A Biography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1988).
Keats, John. Poetical Works, ed. by H. W. Garrod (London: Oxford University Press, 1970).
[Kent, Charles]. Review of Dombey and Son, The Sun, 13 April 1848.
Kettle, Arnold. ‘Our Mutual Friend’, in Dickens and the Twentieth Century, ed. by John Gross and Gabriel Pearson (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962).
‘Lethe’. Entry in Encyclopedia Brittannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lethe (accessed 6.6.18).
Levine, George. ‘Introduction: George Eliot and the Art of Realism’, in The Cambridge Companion to George Eliot, ed. by George Levine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 1–19.
Levine, George. Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns of Science in Victorian Fiction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
Litvack, Leon. ‘Education’, in The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition ed. by Paul Schlicke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 214–18.
Litvack, Leon. ‘Images of the River in Our Mutual Friend’, Dickens Quarterly XX (2003), 34–55.
Magee, Sean Patrick. An Entertaining Study: Our Mutual Friend’s Bradley Headstone and Dickens’s Answer to Phrenology: A Thesis Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts (Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, 2000).
Mahlberg, Michaela. Corpus Stylistics and Dickens’s Fiction (New York: Routledge, 2013).
Marsh, Joss Lutz. ‘Good Mrs. Brown’s Connections: Sexuality and Story-Telling in Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son’, English Literary History, 58 (1991), 405–26.
Mill, John Stuart. Mill on Bentham and Coleridge, ed. by F. R. Leavis (London: Chatto and Windus, 1950).
Moynahan, Julian. ‘Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son: Firmness versus Wetness’, in Dickens and the Twentieth Century, ed. by John Gross and Gabriel Pearson (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), pp. 121–31.
Oulton, Carolyn W. de la L. ‘“No Magic Dwelling-Place in Magic Story”: Time, Memory and the Enchanted Children of Dombey and Son’, in Dickens and the Imagined Child, ed. by Peter Merchant and Catherine Waters (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015), pp. 43–56.
Rainsford, Dominic. ‘Out of place: David Copperfield’s Irresolvable Geographies’, in Dickens and Modernity, ed. by Juliet John (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2012), pp. 193–208.
Richardson, Rebecca. ‘Bradley Headstone’s Bad Example of Self-Help: Dickens and the Problem with Ambition’, Dickens Studies Annual: Essays in Victorian Fiction, 44 (2013), 267–88.
Ruth, Jennifer. ‘Mental Capital, Industrial Time, and the Professional in David Copperfield’, NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction, 32 (3), 303–30.
Sabey, Brian. ‘Ethical Metafiction in Dickens’s Christmas Hauntings’, Dickens Studies Annual: Essays on Victorian Fiction, 46 (2015), 123–46.
Sanders, Andrew. ‘The Aristocracy’, in Charles Dickens in Context, ed. by Sally Ledger and Holly Furneaux (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 252–59.
Schlicke, Paul. ‘Dombey and Son’, in The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition, ed. by Paul Schlicke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 184–88.
Schlicke, Paul. ‘Our Mutual Friend’, in The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition ed. by Paul Schlicke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 442–46.
Schulting, Sabine. Dirt in Victorian Literature and Culture: Writing Materiality (New York: Routledge, 2016).
Secord, James A. Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra, ed. by M. R. Ridley (London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1967).
Shuttleworth, Sally. Charlotte Bronte and Victorian Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Slater, Michael. Charles Dickens (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).
Stone, Donald D. The Romantic Impulse in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980).
‘Styx’, entry in Encyclopedia Brittannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Styx-Greek-religion (accessed 6.6.18).
Thompson, E. P. ‘Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism’, Past and Present, 38 (1967), 56–97.
Thrift, Nigel. ‘The Making of a Capitalist Time Consciousness’, in The Sociology of Time, ed. by John Hassard (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990).
Tomalin, Claire. Charles Dickens: A Life (London: Viking, 2011).
Warren, Andrew. The Orient and the Young Romantics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
Waters, Catherine. Dickens and the Politics of the Family (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Weigand, Dometa. ‘Coleridge’s ‘Web of Time’: The Herschels, the Darwins, and Psalm 19’, in The Coleridge Bulletin: The Journal of the Friends of Coleridge, New Series 28 (2006), 91–100.
Wilde, Oscar. Complete Works, with an Introduction by Vyvyan Holland (London: Collins, 1969).
Williams, Raymond. The Country and the City (London: Vintage, 2016. First published 1973).
Wilson, Angus. The World of Charles Dickens (London: Martin Secker and Warburg Limited, 1970).
Wordsworth, William. Poetical Works, ed. by Thomas Hutchinson, revised by Ernest de Selincourt (London: Oxford University Press, 1971).
Yelin, Louise. ‘Strategies for Survival: Florence and Edith in “Dombey and Son”’, Victorian Studies, 22 (1979), 297–319.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cook, P. (2018). Time. In: The Romantic Legacy of Charles Dickens. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96791-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96791-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-96790-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-96791-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)