Abstract
Human-Robot Interaction challenges the field of research on Artificial Intelligence in many ways, especially regarding the complexity of the physical world. While physical interactions require Artificial Intelligence techniques to handle dynamic, nondeterministic, and partially unknown environments, the communication with humans requires socially acceptable responses and common-sense knowledge to handle a broad variety of situations with complex semantics to interpret and understand. In the context of emotional design, different Artificial Intelligence techniques are necessary to allow robots to express, understand, and induce emotions as part of the interaction process. This chapter explores Human-Robot Interaction from the Artificial Intelligence point of view, presenting the main challenges, techniques, and our particular vision for future developments in this research area.
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Notes
- 1.
In a nutshell, given a set of training points (xi, yi), a system that learns by example tries to find a function f that maps a given x to its corresponding y (within a certain error tolerance). In a neural network, this function is represented by numerical weights associated with each node. During training, these numbers are continually adjusted until training data with the same labels consistently yielding similar outputs.
- 2.
Apart from being “creative”, this is totally aligned with early psychological theories, such as the one by Edward Thorndike in the very ending of the nineteenth century (Thorndike 1911), which are one of the first references on learning mentioned by researchers of artificial neural networks (also known as connectionists) (Knight 2017; Ertugrul and Tagluk 2017).
- 3.
A fun but complete and accurate history of AI until the early 1990s can be found in Crevier (1993).
- 4.
GPUs are designed for rendering graphics by having a large number of simple process units for massively parallel calculation. However, we can use GPUs to perform any sort of computation (e.g., deep learning computation). We can use multiple GPUs to increase processing power.
- 5.
Cognitive robots, different from industrial robots, are robots that reason, remember, learn, anticipate, plan, and communicate with humans and with each other.
- 6.
Such as aerial vehicles, where a single failure is catastrophic.
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de Lima, E.S., Feijó, B. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Human-Robot Interaction. In: Ayanoğlu, H., Duarte, E. (eds) Emotional Design in Human-Robot Interaction. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96722-6_11
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